about button mushroom, how to cultivate this mushroom

1. Button Mushroom
Dr. Suwan Jintaanankul

2. Portabella is a marketing
name the mushroom
industry came up with for
more flavorful brown
strains of Agaricus
bisporus that are allowed
to open to expose the
mature gills with brown
spores;

4.  Agaricus is a secondary decomposer,
which means that bacteria and other fungi
have to break down raw materials
before Agaricus can grow. This is the
process known as composting.
 Other kinds of cultivated mushrooms
such as oyster mushrooms, enoki and
shiitake are primary decomposers of
wood, and composting is not
necessary.

5. Mushroom production
involves 6 sequential steps,
• Phase I composting,
• Phase II composting,
• spawning,
• casing,
• pinning, and
• cropping.

7. The preparation of mushroom compost
is usually done in two stages.
Phase 1 compositing
• The breakdown of raw ingredients begins in
Phase I (0utdoor phase). Phase I is pre -
wetted and entire quantities of chicken
manure and brewer’s grain are added in
layer
• building the raw ingredients into long
rectangular piles called "ricks" or “stack”

8. •These stacks are then periodically
turned: after 2-3days adding quantities
of urea ,watered, and formed. About 3-4
turning on each 2-3 days
•Temperature fluctuations during this
phase are paralleled by similar changes
in the numbers of thermophilic (heat
loving) bacteria

9. • These organisms start to grow
rapidly and release energy in the
form of heat; the internal
temperature of compost can reach
up to 80oC.
• Thermogenesis by microorganisms
initiates the heating of Phase I and
also produces heat in Phase II.

10. • Phase I composting lasts from 7 to 14 days
depending on the condition of the material
at the start and its characteristics at each
turn.
• It is considered complete when the raw
ingredients have become pliable and are
capable of holding water.
• The odor of ammonia should be sharp, and
the color of the compost is dark-brown in
color, indicating caramelization and
browning reactions have occurred.

11. Phase 2 composting
• compost is loaded into wooden trays, which are
stacked, or shelves , to a dept of 15-20 cm. for
spawning and then placed in specially designed
rooms where the environmental conditions can
be manipulated (indoor).
• Pasteurization is accomplished early in the Phase
2 operation, temperatures of 66oC for a
minimum of 2 hours, and is necessary to kill
many insects, nematodes, and other pests or
pathogens that may be present in the compost.

13. • Cool air ; 48⁰C – 50 ⁰C is introduced into the
Phase 2 room to assure adequate oxygen, and
to help dissipate ammonia then steamed with
57 ⁰C -59 ⁰C for effective pasteurization of the
compost
• An important function of Phase 2 microbes
that survive from the pasteurization process
is the conversion of residual ammonia into
protein. Because ammonia is lethal to the
mushroom mycelium, it must be removed by
the end of Phase 2.

14. • Take 3-4 days after the odor of ammonia
is no longer present, Phase 2 is over and
the compost temperature can be
dropped to 24oC-28 oC for the addition of
the mushroom mycelium, called
"spawning."

15. Adding materials to compost 2
• Nemagon (60%) 0.200 litre
• Furadan 3 G 0.750Kg
• Lindane or BHC 5% dust 1.250 Kg
• Potassium sulfata or Muriate of potash 15.0 Kg
• urea (46%N) 18 Kg
• Molasses 25 Kg
• Calcium ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulfate (20.6%N)
45 Kg
• Wheat bran 150 Kg
• Gypsum 150 Kg
• Wheat straw 1,500 Kg
For 5MT of wet compost: assuming that ≥65% of

16. The substrate is now set
for
A. bisporus to take over,
and the substrate is said to
be 'selective' for the growth
of the mushroom.

17. 3 . Spawning
• Mycelium of A. bisporus propagated
vegetatively on sterilized cereal grain is
known as "spawn" (figure to the left).
• The grain medium mixed with calcium
like gypsum, is sterized at 121⁰C and
15lbps pressure or 2 hrs. for 100 ⁰C . And
inoculated with pure primary culture ; in agar.
• The grain medium is incubated at25 ⁰C , in 2-3
weeks , impregnated white mycelium cover
the grain

19. • After spawning, the compost is maintained
at approx. 24oC, and relative humidity
80-85% and CO2 levels are kept high to
minimize drying of the compost.
• The spawn will begin to grow and produce
a thread-like network of mycelium
throughout the compost.
• Complete colonization of the compost
usually requires 12-20 days, depending on
the spawning rate and environmental
conditions.

20. 4. Casing

21. • To promote mushroom formation, casing
soil is added as a surface layer (1.5 - 2
inches deep) on the colonized compost.
The important transition from the
vegetative to the reproductive stage of A.
bisporus takes place in the casing layer,
which is usually a mixture of peat and
limestone.

22. • Mushrooms form only after the
compost is covered with a layer of
casing material.
• In addition to stimulating fruit body
formation, the casing layer provides
moisture essential for high yields and
anchorage for the developing
mushrooms.
• Casing materials do not provide any
nutrients to the mushroom mycelium.

23. • Before the mushroom "pins"
(primordia) start to develop, later is
applied intermittently to raise the
moisture level of the casing layer to
field capacity.
• Most Agaricus is grown in a place with
high relative humidity and not much
light.
• the casing layer provides all the signal
that is needed.

24. 5. Pinning
• Primordia or "pins" are knots of mycelium
that eventually develop into mushrooms .
• Once the mycelium has reached the surface
of the casing layer, the mushroom is induced
to pin by reducing both the air temperature
(to 16-18oC) and the CO2 concentration (to
0.08%).
• Fruiting occurs in well-defined flushes or
breaks with the first harvestable mushrooms
appearing 18 to 21 days after casing.

26. 6. Cropping
• The mushroom crop grows in repeating 3- to
5-day cycles called "flushes" or "breaks“.
• The individual flushes tend to produce
progressively fewer mushrooms. In
commercial practice, three to five flushes are
picked before the crop is removed to make
room for the next.
• Most mushroom farmers crop their
mushrooms for 30 - 40 days.

27. • During cropping, the casing layer is
watered 2 to 3 times per week and air
temperatures are maintained between
15-18oC.
• This temperature range favors
mushroom growth and lengthens the
life cycles of both disease pathogens
and pests.

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FOR YOU ATTENTION

29. THANK YOU
Sawasdee