Lecture #2 for Ivanovo State University

2.  Эссе по теме «Будущее
ИТ/перспективы развития в
будущем»

3.  Что такое новые информационные
технологии?
 НИТ – ИТ с «дружественным»
интерфейсом работы пользователя,
использующая персональные компьютеры
и телекоммуникационные средства.

4.  Три основных принципа НИТ?
 Интерактивный (диалоговый) режим
работы с компьютером
 Интегрированность (стыковка) с другими
программными продуктами
 Гибкость процесса изменения как данных,
так и постановок задач

5.  Разница между информационной
технологией и информационной системой?
 ИТ – процесс, состоящий из четко
регламентированных правил выполнения
операций, действий, этапов разной степени
сложности над данными, хранящимися в
компьютерах.
 Цель ИТ – получить необходимую
пользователю информацию в результате
целенаправленных действий по переработке
первичной информации

6.  Разница между информационной
технологией и информационной системой?
 ИС – среда, составляющими элементами
которой являются компьютеры,
компьютерные сети, программные продукты,
базы данных, люди, различного рода
технические и программные средства связи и
т.п. Цель ИС – организация хранения и
передачи информации.
 ИС = Человеко-компьютерная система
обработки информации

7.  “Data leads to information, information leads
to knowledge, knowledge leads to wisdom, &
wisdom is the key to existence of human
civilizations.”
 “Our need of accuracy & revolution towards
processing of information has led us to
‘Information Revolution’.”
 “Computers and IT tools can take humans to
the peak of new millennium or destroy
human civilization.”

9.  When was the first computer invented?
Who did it?
 What enabling technologies of IT do you
know?
 What are main stages in the history of
the IT?
 Please name the most prominent names
in the history of IT.

10.  Technologies to aid calculation
 Technologies for automation and
control
 Technologies for information processing
and information management
 Communication technologies

11.  Military usage of computers
 The US/USSR space programs
 Decreases in hardware costs
 Reduction in physical size
 Large changes in business needs

12.  The history of information
technologies

13. The development of mathematics led to
the development of tools to help in
computation.
Blaise Pascal, in 17th century France,
was credited with building the first
calculating machine (pascaline)

15. In 1820’s Charles Babbage invented the
ever first computer called Babbage
machine - the first "analytical engine.". It
was based on mechanical gears & discs.
This was the first step of human
mankind towards computer.

16. This machine had a mechanical computing
"mill" and, like the Jacquard loom of the early
19th century, used punch cards to store the
numbers and processing requirements.

17. From 1890 to 1900, abundant and rapid
development of electricity.
The ideas re-emerged with the development
of electro-mechanical calculating machines.
In 1890, Herman Hollerith used punch cards
to help classify information for the United
States Census Bureau.

18. In 1890 the invention of the telegraph and
telephone laid the groundwork for
telecommunications and the development of
the vacuum tube. This electronic device could
be used to store information.

19. In 1928, electron movement thesis came.
Invention of electronic equipments fueled the
revolutionary scenario of IT.
In 1943, transistor was developed.
The move from vacuum tubes to transistors
significantly reduced the size and cost of the
machines, and increased their reliability. Then
came integrated circuit technology, which
has reduced the size (and cost) of computers.

20. In 1948, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer), the 1st electronic digital computer
of modern age was invented for the US Army; it was
based on Vacuum Tubes.
John Von Neumann, a Princeton mathematics
professor, developed the idea further. He added the
idea of a stored computer program. This was a set of
instructions stored in the memory of the computer,
which the computer obeyed to complete the
programmed task.

24. In the 1960s, the typical computer was a
transistor-based machine that cost half a
million dollars, and needed a large, air-conditioned
room and an on-site engineer.
The same computer power now costs $2,000
and sits on a desk. As computers became
smaller and cheaper, they also became
faster–made possible by a single integrated
circuit called a chip.

29. a. Data Generation
b. Data Processing
c. Data Transportation
d. Data Storage
e. Data Retrieval (извлечение)
f. Data Representation

30. • A Global information infrastructure: Basis is
to create information channel i.e. information
can move to one-another; information
distribution
• A national information infrastructure &
static information infrastructure as natural
corollaries (следствие) to JIT (Just In Time),
can be developed in integrated manner.

31. • Information superhighways comprise of satellite links,
optical fibre links, microwave networks (3G/4G
networks), telephone lines, communication modes
(internet modes), cellular phone stations, VSAT
terminals.
• Most common hardware in the users premises is a
PC with multimedia technology & associated
communicator links.
• Operational & Application Software: In a nutshell,
system of information to behave in certain manner is
necessary.

33. Premechanical,
Mechanical,
Electromechanical,
Electronic

35.  When humans first started communicating
they would try to use language or simple
picture drawings known as petroglyths which
were usually carved in rock.
 Early alphabets were developed such as the
Phoenician alphabet.

36.  people were writing information down, pens and paper
began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet
clay, but later paper was created out of papyrus plant.
 New ways to keep the information in permanent storage
the first books and libraries are developed (eg. Egyptian).
 the first numbering systems (around 100A.D. was when
the first 1-9 system was created, India). Creation of
calculators. A calculator was the very first sign of an
information processor. The popular model of that time
was the abacus.

39.  A lot of new technologies are developed in
this era as there is a large explosion in
interest with this area:
 Technologies like the slide rule (an analog
computer used for multiplying and dividing)
William Oughtred
 Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline which was a
very popular mechanical computer.
 Charles Babbage developed the difference engine

48. Beginnings of telecommunication:
 The telegraph was created in the early 1800s.
 Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835.
 The telephone was created by Alexander Graham Bell
in 1876.
 The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in
1894.
 The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the
United States was the Mark 1 created by Harvard
University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high,
50ft long, 2ft wide, and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was
programmed using punch cards.

54.  «Каждая смена поколений средств
информационной технологии требует
переобучения и радикальной перестройки
мышления специалистов и пользователей,
смена оборудования и создания более
массовой вычислительной техники. ИТ, как
передовая область науки и техники
определяет ритм времени технического
развития всего общества.»

55. i. Education & training systems
ii. E-governance
iii. Industrial sector
iv. Improvement in social interaction & it is
expected that manufacturing discrimination will
disappear
v. Employment to multitude of people.