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Chapter1.ppt
1.
Chapter 1: Motivation
for a Network of Wireless Sensor Nodes
2.
2 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Course Description Highlights 1 Syllabus: Motivation for a Network of Wireless Sensor Nodes Applications Node Architecture Operating Systems Medium Access Control Network Layer Services Network Layer Power Management Time Synchronization Localization Security Sensor Network Programming Text book: Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks By: Waltenegus Dargieand, Christian Poellabauer, Wiley, 2010 (1st Edition)
3.
3 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Chapter 1: Roadmap Definitions and background Challenges and constraints Overview of topics covered
4.
4 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Sensing and Sensors Sensing: technique to gather information about physical objects or areas Sensor (transducer): object performing a sensing task; converting one form of energy in the physical world into electrical energy Examples of sensors from biology: the human body eyes: capture optical information (light) ears: capture acoustic information (sound) nose: captures olfactory information (smell) skin: captures tactile information (shape, texture)
5.
5 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Sensing (Data Acquisition) Sensors capture phenomena in the physical world (process, system, plant) Signal conditioning prepare captured signals for further use (amplification, attenuation, filtering of unwanted frequencies, etc.) Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) translates analog signal into digital signal Digital signal is processed and output is often given (via digital-analog converter and signal conditioner) to an actuator (device able to control the physical world)
6.
6 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Sensor Classifications Physical property to be monitored determines type of required sensor Type Examples Temperature Thermistors, thermocouples Pressure Pressure gauges, barometers, ionization gauges Optical Photodiodes, phototransistors, infrared sensors, CCD sensors Acoustic Piezoelectric resonators, microphones Mechanical Strain gauges, tactile sensors, capacitive diaphragms, piezoresistive cells Motion, vibration Accelerometers, mass air flow sensors Position GPS, ultrasound-based sensors, infrared-based sensors, inclinometers Electromagnetic Hall-effect sensors, magnetometers Chemical pH sensors, electrochemical sensors, infrared gas sensors Humidity Capacitive and resistive sensors, hygrometers, MEMS-based humidity sensors Radiation Ionization detectors, Geiger-Mueller counters
7.
7 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Other Classifications Power supply: active sensors require external power, i.e., they emit energy (microwaves, light, sound) to trigger response or detect change in energy of transmitted signal (e.g., electromagnetic proximity sensor) passive sensors detect energy in the environment and derive their power from this energy input (e.g., passive infrared sensor) Electrical phenomenon: resistive sensors use changes in electrical resistivity (ρ) based on physical properties such as temperature (resistance R = ρ*l/A) capacitive sensors use changes in capacitor dimensions or permittivity (ε) based on physical properties (capacitance C = ε*A/d) inductive sensors rely on the principle of inductance (electromagnetic force is induced by fluctuating current) piezoelectric sensors rely on materials (crystals, ceramics) that generate a displacement of charges in response to mechanical deformation
8.
8 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Example: Wheatstone Bridge Circuit R1, R2, and R3 known (R2 adjustable) Rx is unknown Vout VCC Rx R3 Rx R2 R1 R2
9.
9 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) Multiple sensors (often hundreds or thousands) form a network to cooperatively monitor large or complex physical environments Acquired information is wirelessly communicated to a base station (BS), which propagates the information to remote devices for storage, analysis, and processing
10.
10 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 History of Wireless Sensor Networks DARPA: Distributed Sensor Nets Workshop (1978) Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) program (early 1980s) Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) program UCLA and Rockwell Science Center Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS) Low Power Wireless Integrated Microsensor (LWIM) (1996) UC-Berkeley Smart Dust project (1999) concept of “motes”: extremely small sensor nodes Berkeley Wireless Research Center (BWRC) PicoRadio project (2000) MIT μAMPS (micro-Adaptive Multidomain Power-aware Sensors) (2005)
11.
11 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 History of Wireless Sensor Networks Recent commercial efforts Crossbow (www.xbow.com) Sensoria (www.sensoria.com) Worldsens (worldsens.citi.insa-lyon.fr) Dust Networks (www.dustnetworks.com) Ember Corporation (www.ember.com)
12.
12 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 WSN Communication Characteristics of typical WSN: low data rates (comparable to dial-up modems) energy-constrained sensors IEEE 802.11 family of standards most widely used WLAN protocols for wireless communications in general can be found in early sensor networks or sensors networks without stringent energy constraints IEEE 802.15.4 is an example for a protocol that has been designed specifically for short-range communications in WSNs low data rates low power consumption widely used in academic and commercial WSN solutions
13.
13 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Single-Hop versus Multi-Hop Star topology: every sensor communicates directly (single-hop) with the base station may require large transmit powers and may be infeasible in large geographic areas Mesh topology sensors serve as relays (forwarders) for other sensor nodes (multi-hop) may reduce power consumption and allows for larger coverage introduces the problem of routing
14.
14 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Challenges in WSNs: Energy Sensors typically powered through batteries replace battery when depleted recharge battery, e.g., using solar power discard sensor node when battery depleted For batteries that cannot be recharged, sensor node should be able to operate during its entire mission time or until battery can be replaced Energy efficiency is affected by various aspects of sensor node/network design Physical layer: switching and leakage energy of CMOS-based processors ECPU Eswitch Eleakage Ctotal *Vdd 2 Vdd * Ileak * t
15.
15 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Challenges in WSNs: Energy Medium access control layer: contention-based strategies lead to energy-costly collisions problem of idle listening Network layer: responsible for finding energy-efficient routes Operating system: small memory footprint and efficient task switching Security: fast and simple algorithms for encryption, authentication, etc. Middleware: in-network processing of sensor data can eliminate redundant data or aggregate sensor readings
16.
16 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Challenges in WSNs: Self-Management Ad-hoc deployment many sensor networks are deployed “without design” sensors dropped from airplanes (battlefield assessment) sensors placed wherever currently needed (tracking patients in disaster zone) moving sensors (robot teams exploring unknown terrain) sensor node must have some or all of the following abilities determine its location determine identity of neighboring nodes configure node parameters discover route(s) to base station initiate sensing responsibility
17.
17 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Challenges in WSNs: Self-Management Unattended operation once deployed, WSN must operate without human intervention device adapts to changes in topology, density, and traffic load device adapts in response to failures Other terminology self-organization is the ability to adapt configuration parameters based on system and environmental state self-optimization is the ability to monitor and optimize the use of the limited system resources self-protection is the ability recognize and protect from intrusions and attacks self-healing is the ability to discover, identify, and react to network disruptions
18.
18 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Challenges in WSNs: Wireless Networks Wireless communication faces a variety of challenges Attenuation: limits radio range Multi-hop communication: increased latency increased failure/error probability complicated by use of duty cycles Pr Pt d2
19.
19 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Challenges in WSNs: Decentralization Centralized management (e.g., at the base station) of the network often not feasible to due large scale of network and energy constraints Therefore, decentralized (or distributed) solutions often preferred, though they may perform worse than their centralized counterparts Example: routing Centralized: BS collects information from all sensor nodes BS establishes “optimal” routes (e.g., in terms of energy) BS informs all sensor nodes of routes can be expensive, especially when the topology changes frequently Decentralized: each sensors makes routing decisions based on limited local information routes may be nonoptimal, but route establishment/management can be much cheaper
20.
20 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Challenges in WSNs: Design Constraints Many hardware and software limitations affect the overall system design Examples include: Low processing speeds (to save energy) Low storage capacities (to allow for small form factor and to save energy) Lack of I/O components such as GPS receivers (reduce cost, size, energy) Lack of software features such as multi-threading (reduce software complexity)
21.
21 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Challenges in WSNs: Security Sensor networks often monitor critical infrastructure or carry sensitive information, making them desirable targets for attacks Attacks may be facilitated by: remote and unattended operation wireless communication lack of advanced security features due to cost, form factor, or energy Conventional security techniques often not feasible due to their computational, communication, and storage requirements As a consequence, sensor networks require new solutions for intrusion detection, encryption, key establishment and distribution, node authentication, and secrecy
22.
22 Fundamentals of Wireless
Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice Waltenegus Dargie and Christian Poellabauer © 2010 Comparison Traditional Networks Wireless Sensor Networks General-purpose design; serving many applications Single-purpose design; serving one specific application Typical primary design concerns are network performance and latencies; energy is not a primary concern Energy is the main constraint in the design of all node and network components Networks are designed and engineered according to plans Deployment, network structure, and resource use are often ad-hoc (without planning) Devices and networks operate in controlled and mild environments Sensor networks often operate in environments with harsh conditions Maintenance and repair are common and networks are typically easy to access Physical access to sensor nodes is often difficult or even impossible Component failure is addressed through maintenance and repair Component failure is expected and addressed in the design of the network Obtaining global network knowledge is typically feasible and centralized management is possible Most decisions are made localized without the support of a central manager
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