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電信網路的難題

• 規格不一(T-Carrier/E-Carrier/SDH...)
• 多種協定架構(ATM/Frame Relay/ISDN...)
• 管理困難
• 查修及維護困難度高,需大量人力
• 需要同步信號

                                     2
PSTN Topology
User          IP         IP

          IP Phone   IP Phone




Service




Routing




PSTN




                                3
PSTN
Protocols Stack
                IPTV       Network             VoIP
               Services    Services           Services


                                  IP


     A/V
                                               VPN
   Services
                Private
                 Net
                                Internet        Dialup


                          Lease
                 DSL                         POTS
                           Line


         ATM                           TDM



                          SDH


                            Wireless
       Optical Cabling                     Coxal Cabling
                            Cabling




                                                           4
SDH Add Drop Mux




                   5
SONET/SDH
 ADM-MSPP




            6
T1 to E1 Translate




                     7
Carrier Frame Size
               Frame Size    Payload       Speed       Ratio
T1                     193        1536         1544      99.48%
T2                    1176        6144         6312      97.34%
T3                    4760       43008        44736      96.14%
E1                     240        1920         2048      93.75%
E2                     848        7680         8448      90.91%
E3                    1536       30720        34368      89.39%
OC1/STM0              6480    49536000     51840000      95.56%
OC3/STM1             19440   149760000    155520000      96.30%
OC12/STM4            77760   600768000    622080000      96.57%
OC48/STM16         311040    2404800000   2488320000     96.64%
OC192/STM64       1244160    9620928000   9953280000     96.66%
OC768/STM256      4976640 38485440000 39813120000        96.67%



                                                                  8
Virtual Line




               9
Ethernet Frame Format
                                          1518 bytes

           S
Premble    F
           D
                DA       SA      Length                      Payload                           FCS


7 byte         6 byte   6 byte   2 byte                    46-1500 byte                       4 byte


                                          1518 bytes


 Premble         DA      SA       Type                       Payload                              FCS               Ethernet II Frame


 8 byte        6 byte   6 byte   2 byte                    46-1500 byte                       4 byte



                                                            1522 bytes

                                                 C
 Premble         DA      SA      0x8100   CoS    F   VID       Type                           Payload                           FCS
                                                 I




 8 byte        6 byte   6 byte   2 byte     2 byte            2 byte                        46-1500 byte                      4 byte


                                                                           1526 bytes

                                                      S                     C
                                                                                  C    C
 Premble         DA      SA      0x88A8   PCP/DE              0x8100       CoS
                                                                                  F                Type                       Payload                       FCS
                                                     VID                          I   VID


 8 byte        6 byte   6 byte   2 byte     2 byte            2 byte             2 byte           2 byte                   46-1500 byte                     4 byte



                                                                                                           1536 bytes

                                                 C    B                     S
                                                                                  C                                                                     C    C
 Premble       B-DA     B-SA     0x88A8    B
                                          CoS
                                                 F            0x88E7       CoS
                                                                                  F       I-SID             DA             SA           0x8100    C
                                                                                                                                                 CoS
                                                                                                                                                        F            Type       Payload      FCS
                                                 I   VID                          I                                                                     I   VID


 8 byte        6 byte   6 byte   2 byte         2 byte        2 byte      2 byte          3 byte           6 byte         6 byte        2 byte         2 byte        2 byte   46-1500 byte   4 byte




                                                                                                                                                                                                      10
Ethernet Frame
           Evolution
                                                Payload                Payload


                               Payload

                                                 C-VID                  C-VID
    Payload

                                 VID             S-VID                  S-VID


      DA                         DA               DA                      DA


      SA                          SA              SA                      SA


                                                                         I-SID
     802.3                     802.1Q           802.1ad
                              Virtual LAN   Provider bridges            B-VID


                                                                        B-DA
SA: Source MAC address
DA: Destination MAC address
VID: VLAN ID                                                             B-SA
C-VID: Customer VID
S-VID: Service VID
I-SID: Service ID
                                                                       802.1ah
B-VID: Backbone VID
B-DA: Backbone DA                                              Provider backbone bridges
B-SA: Backbone SA




                                                                                           11
Frame Semantic




  •       VLAN Cross Connect identifier has local port scope

  •       Frame format as defined in IEEE 802.1Q

  •       VLAN Cross Connect tagged frame allows up to 4K VLANs per port




                                      VXC-TAG



Destination MAC   Source MAC   TPID             TCI     Ether Type / Len                      Data   FCS




                                                C
                                                                   12-bit VLAN Cross Connect ID
                                      PCP       F     VXC ID
                                                                   up to 4K VLANs per port
                                                I




                                                                                                           12
Service Model




Destination MAC   Source MAC     C-tag    Ether Type / Len                      Data            FCS




Destination MAC   Source MAC     S-tag        C-tag          Ether Type / Len          Data                   FCS




  •       At the boundary of the VLAN-XC domain, the VLAN ID of the outer tag (C-tag or S-Tag) can be used
          to associate the frame with a particular VLAN-XC connection.

  •       If required, the outer tag (C-tag or S-tag) is preserved and transparently transported within the
          VLAN-XC domain




                                                                                                                    13
Frame Semantic




                  •    Extended VLAN Cross Connect

                  •    Frame Format as defined in IEEE 802.1ad

                  •    VLAN Cross Connect tagged frame allows up to 16M VLANs per port



                                             EVXC-TAG



Destination MAC   Source MAC    TPID         TCI         TPID             TCI     Ether Type / Len               Data   FCS




                                         C                                 C
                                  PCP    F     VLAN ID           PCP       F    VLAN ID
                                         I                                 I




                                                                                  24-bit VLAN Cross Connect ID
                                                                EVXC ID
                                                                                    up to 16M VLANs per Port




                                                                                                                              14
VLAN Cross Connect with CE-VLAN Preservation Example




                                                 VLAN Cross Connect Connection

                  PE-Node                        P-Node                        P-Node                     PE-Node

      L2                          L2                            L2                            L2                       L2
    Frame                       Frame                         Frame                         Frame                    Frame

        Port 3        Port 6            Port 2         Port 8         Port 4       Port 12          Port 6     Port 9

Destination MAC          Destination MAC                  Destination MAC               Destination MAC         Destination MAC

 Source MAC                 Source MAC                     Source MAC                    Source MAC                 Source MAC

   CE-VLAN                     VXC=1024                      VXC=236                      VXC=2636                   CE-VLAN

                               CE-VLAN                       CE-VLAN                       CE-VLAN




                                                                                                                                  15
Extended VLAN Cross Connect Example




                                                VLAN Cross Connect Connection

                  PE-Node                       P-Node                        P-Node                     PE-Node

      L2                         L2                            L2                            L2                       L2
    Frame                      Frame                         Frame                         Frame                    Frame

        Port 3        Port 6           Port 2         Port 8         Port 4       Port 12          Port 6     Port 9

Destination MAC          Destination MAC                 Destination MAC               Destination MAC         Destination MAC

 Source MAC                 Source MAC                    Source MAC                    Source MAC                 Source MAC

   CE-VLAN                                                                                                          CE-VLAN
                            EVXC=12045                     EVXC=645                      VXC=15320



                               CE-VLAN                      CE-VLAN                       CE-VLAN




                                                                                                                                 16
Scalability

                                              EVXC   EVXC
                                        MAC
                                               Tag    Tag


                                              EVXC   EVXC
                                        MAC
                                               Tag    Tag




                                                     Level n+1




                                                                                       EVXC
          EVXC                                                                   MAC
    MAC                                                                                 Tag
           Tag

                                                                                       EVXC
          EVXC                                                                   MAC
    MAC                                                                                 Tag
           Tag



                       Level n                                                   Level n




•         VLAN Cross Connect can be naturally extended to work with hierarchical domains using tunneling

•         Uses standard VLAN stacking


                                                                                                           17
Ethernet Jumbo Frame
一般的 Ethernet Frame Size 是以資料長度 1500 bytes 加上 18 bytes
的表頭所組成的。不論是 10Mbps 或是 10Gbps 都因為相容需要,
而使用相同的 MTU。會選擇使用 1500bytes 的長度是因為早期的
10Mbps 的 Ethernet 使用 CSMA/CD 及同軸電纜,傳輸錯誤率並不
低,若傳輸有錯誤發生時,所需重送的資料量就比較大,而且大的
Frame Size 代表傳送及接收時,都需要大量的記憶體作為 Buffer。
但以今日的記憶體及處理器,相對網路傳輸速度需求而言,是較低
的價格,而且利用光纖傳輸的品質,比銅纜好很多,所以將 Frame
Size 放大是可以預見的。在 Internet 2 (I2) 的骨幹網路上就已經測
試使用 4KByte和9KByte 的Jumbo Frame 多年。

而且其他非Ethernet的協定也都使用較大的Frame Size,若Ethernet
也使用較大的Frame Size可以減少封包的切割,並可加快傳輸速
度。

                                                        18
Standard Frame Size
Media Type       Speed     Frame MTU   Maximum Frame Length
  Ethernet      10 Mbps      1500             1518
   802.3        10 Mbps      1518             1536
   802.3u       100 Mbps     1518             1536
 802.3z/ab       1 Gbps      1518             1536
802.3ae/an      10 Gbps      1518             1536
  802.3ba       100 Gbps     1518?            1536?
   802.5         4 Mbps      4528             4550
   802.5        16 Mbps      18173            18200
   802.5        100 Mbps     18173            18200
  802.11g       54 Mbps      2312             2346
    FDDI        100 Mbps     4352             4470
Fiber Channel    2 Gbps      65280            65280
 POS/OC48       2.5 Gbps     9180             9180
 ATM/AAL5                    9180             9180

                                                              19
Jumbo Frame Benefit

• Lower Overhead of Packets
• High Utilization of Connection
• High Transmission Rate
• Low CPU Utilization
• Improved Performance of Transmission



                                         20
Jumbo Frame
         Requirement

• Low Transport Error Rates
• High Speed Connection
• Hardware Buffer Size Limitation
• Long Size of Packet Aware




                                    21
Jumbo Frame Problem
• Conjunction occur problem
• Short Size Packets
• Transmission Error problem
• Difficult to QoS
• Large Hardware Buffer
• Longer Delay



                               22
Ethernet Jumbo Frame
FrameSize (in bit)
=IFG+SFD+DMAC+SMAC+Q+Q+Length+Payload+FCS
=(96/8)+8+6+6+4+4+2+Payload+4
=46+Payload
=368+(Payload*8)
  1.5K Frame = 1500 * 8 + 368 = 12368 bit
  4K Frame = 4000 * 8 = 32000 +368 bit
  9K Frame = 9000 * 8 = 72000 +368 bit
  16K Frame = 16000 * 8 = 128000 +368 bit
  32K Frame = 32000 * 8 = 256000 +368 bit
  64K Frame = 64000 * 8 = 512000 +368 bit
                                            23
Frame Speed
         Frame Size   Ratio            10Mb                100Mb                  1Gb                     10Gb                     100Gb


                                Frame/Sec Throughput Frame/Sec Throughput Frame/Sec Throughput Frame/Sec       Throughput   Frame/Sec   Throughput


0.046K          736    50.00%      13587      5000000   135870   50000000   1358696     500000000   13586957   5000000000    135869565 50000000000


              12368    97.02%         809     9702458    8085    97024580    80854      970245796              9702457956               97024579560
1.5K                                                                                                808538                  8085382

4K            32368    98.86%         309     9886307     3089   98863075     30895     988630746    308947    9886307464      3089471 98863074642


9K            72368    99.49%         138     9949149     1382   99491488     13818     994914880    138183    9949148795      1381826 99491487950


16K          128368    99.71%          78     9971332      779   99713324      7790     997133242     77901    9971332419       779010 99713324193


32K          256368    99.86%          39     9985646      390   99856456      3901     998564563     39006    9985645634       390064 99856456344


             512368    99.93%          20     9992818      195   99928177      1952     999281766              9992817662               99928176623
64K                                                                                                 19517                    195172




                                                                                                                                                     24
因為現在的 CPU大都使用中斷方式,處理因正常處理程序執行之外發生的事
件,利用中斷可以有效的處理在相同的時間,發生事件而引發需執行的不同
程序。假設網路處理單元需要 1000 個 CPU clock cycle 處理一個中斷服務,而
中斷可以占用所有計算資源的一半。

當10Mb ethernet 使用最大為1500 byte 的 Frame size,最多產生每秒 810 個中
斷,所以至少需要的處理速度為 1.6MHz。
 810x1000x2=1620000=1.6MHz

而以10Gb Ethernet 而言,使用 1500byte Frame 就需要 1.6GHz。
 808538x1000x2= 1617076000=1.6GHz.

若是使用 64Kbyte Frame 的話卻只需要 39MHz。
 19517x1000x2=39034000Hz=39MHz.

若是 100Gb ethernet 使用 1500byte Frame 的話需要 16GHz。
 8085382x1000x2=16170764000=16GHz.

但換成 64Kbyte Frame 只需要 390MHz。
 195172x1000x2=390344000=390.34MHz

這樣使得使用較低階的 CPU 傳送全速 100Gb 的資料成為可能。
                                                           25
但是為何 Jumbo Frame 沒有全面取代原本的1500byte 的
Ethernet frame size ?

原因除了要向前版相容,以免因換用 Jumbo Frame 而需要將
全部的網路設備更換。還有就是因為換了較大的 Frame Size
而造成 Buffer 變小,而有可能原本更換為 Jumbo Frame 是要
加快傳輸速度,結果可能因為 Buffer 變小而反而變慢。

但為何 Line Speed 的 Switch 需要使用到 Buffer ?

事實上因為在 Switch 時會需要查 Forwarding Table 及對 Frame
作一些錯誤防止的處理,所以利用內部的 Buffer 先將資料暫
存,等到檢查無誤之後,再傳送。或者是因為 QoS 的考慮,
而需要將具有高優先的資料先行傳送,而低優先的資料,就
只有先暫存在 Buffer 中了。


                                                26
例如原本使用 1500byte 時,網路設備的 Buffer 最多可以暫
存256個 Frame 的資料。 1500x256=384000=384KByte ,而
以一部 24 port 的 Lan switch 來說也只要
384x24=9216=9.216MByte 的空間就可以了,換成每片
4Mbit 的晶片,三片就可以工作得很好。這樣的空間可以
處理10Mbit Ethernet大約一秒的 delay。但是換成 4K Jumbo
Frame 時就只有 384000/4000=96個 Frame,而換成 9K
Frame 只有 384000/9000=42個Frame,而 16K Frame 只有
384000/16000=24個 Frame。

以原本的設計,因 QoS 設計,區分為 4 個等級時,每個
Queue 還可以放 256/4=64 個 Frame ,這樣子在 QoS 的調
整上還足以應付需求。 若為 9K Frame 時,每個 Queue 只
可以放 10 個 Frame 的資料,而 16K Frame 更只有24/4=6
個,這樣 Buffer 很容易就會滿了,而發生資料遺失。所以
要使用 Jumbo Frame 時,在設計 QoS 時需要注意到這些細
節作調整。

                                               27
Line Protection




                  28
STP Multiple Path
   Protection




                    29
Ring Protection




                  30
RPR Station Structure




                        31
RPR Architecture




                   32
RPR Operation




Failure   Bandwidth Allocation



                                 33
ITU-T G.8032 Topology




                        34
Line Protection
          Summary
       反應時間    頻寬效率   架構     硬體需求


STP    >50ms    一般    Loop   None


RPR    <50ms    高     Ring   Need


ERPS   <50ms    一般    Loop   None


                                    35
OAM Standards

• IEEE standards 802.3ah EFM OAM for
  access link
• IEEE standards 802.1ag CFM - Connectivity
  Fault Management on link layer
• ITU Y.1730 / Y1731 Ethernet OAM
• MPLS OAM
• MEF-16 OAM
                                              36
OAM Protocol Matrix

              Fault     Fault        Fault                 Fault                Repair
  Fault                                                              Repair
            Detection Notification Verification            Isolation            Verification


             802.3ah                             802.3ah                        802.3ah
  Link      EFM OAM
                           SNMP
                                                EFM OAM
                                                                      RSTP
                                                                               EFM OAM



                                                                                802.1ag
                       IEEE 802.1ag CFM / ITU-T Y.1731               MSTP
                                                                                Y.1731
 Service
Transport
                              MPLS VCCD/BFD                          MSTP       LSP Ping



 Service
  Level                      MEF Service OAM                                     MEF
Agreement

                                                                                            37
OAM in networks
                                        Service Provider
           CE         U-PE                                            U-PE        CE
Customer                     Access          Core          Access                      Customer




                                        End to End OAM


                802.3ah                     802.1ag                     802.3ah


                             802.1ag       802.1ag         802.1ag

                             Operator      Operator        Operator
                             Domain        Domain          Domain




                                                                                                  38
IEEE 802.3ah OAM
• Define in IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet First Mile
  section 57.
• Use MAC sublayer multicast slow protocol
• Monitor link operation
• Remote fault indication
• Remote loopback control
                                              39
OAM functions
• Auto discovery
• Unidirectional fault signaling
• Remote loopback test
• Link monitoring
• Critical Events
• Layer 2 variable retrieval
• Organization specific extensions
                                    40
OAM Sublayer Block
                 OAM CTRL            OAM PDU
                  Request             Request
   MAC Data request                                    MAC Data Indication

                           OAM CTRL             OAM PDU
                            Indication          Indication



                                 Control




                CTRL OAM request           CTRL OAM Indication




                                OAM request
                               Loopback Frame

             Multiplexer                               Parser




          MAC Data request                       MAC Data Indication



                   OAM Sublayer block diagrom


                                                                             41
OAM Remote
                     Loopback
    OAM                 MAC                            MAC                 OAM
    Client              Client                         Client              Client

              OAM                                                OAM

         MAC Control                                        MAC Control

              MAC                                                MAC

             Physical                                           Physical



Local                                                                          Remote
DTE                                                                             DTE




                                        Medium



                                 OAM Remote Loopback




                                                                                        42
IEEE 802.1ag CFM
• Continuity Check packet type
• Layer 2 Ping packet type
• Layer 2 Trace Route packet type
• Per services fault isolation with VLAN
• Uses domains to contain OAM flows and
  bound OAM responsibilities


                                           43
ITU-T Y.1731
• Alarm Indication Signal (Eth-AIS)
• Remote Defect Indication (Eth-RDI)
• Locked Signal (Eth-LCK)
• Test Signal (Eth-TEST)
• Performance Monitoring (Eth-PM)
• Frame Loss Measurement (Eth-LM)
• Frame Delay Measurement (Eth-DM)
                                       44
MPLS OAM
• Label Switched Path (LSP) Ping
• Label Switched Path (LSP) Traceroute
• Virtual Circuit Connection Verification
  (VCCV)
• Bi-directional Forwarding Detection (BFD)
• Fast Re-Route
                                              45
MFE OAM

• Point to point Ethernet Virtual Circuit
  (EVC) Performance Monitoring (PM)
• Point to multi-point EVC PM
• Multi-point to multi-point EVC PM
• EVC Fault management

                                            46
PWE3 Reference
               Model
                                                          Pseudo Wire


                                                          PSN Tunnel




                                                          Logical Link
                  Physical Link                                                                 Physical Link

                                                            PW1
     CE1      Attachment Circuit        PE1                                      PE2          Attachment Circuit        CE2
                                                            PW2

Customer Edge 1                                                                                                    Customer Edge 2



                                   Provider Edge 1                          Provider Edge 2




                                                         Reference Clock

                                                        Emulated Service


                                                     PWE3 reference model




                                                                                                                                     47
Protocol Stack
 Reference Model
  Emulated Service                                            Emulated Service
                                 Emulated Service
TDM/ATM/FR/Ethernet                                         TDM/ATM/FR/Ethernet


     Payload                                                     Payload
                                   Pseudo Wire
   Encapsulation                                               Encapsulation

  PW Demultiplexer                                            PW Demultiplexer
    PSN Tunnel                                                  PSN Tunnel
                                    PSN Tunnel
       PSN                                                         PSN
  Physical Layers                                             Physical Layers




                                   PSN


                      PWE3 Protocol Stack Reference Model


                                                                                  48
TDMoIP for UDP/IP
                  IP Header
 IP Version                                IP TOS                                  Total Length
                    Length


                         Identification                            Flags                Fragment Offset



        Time to Live                       Protocol                            IP Header Checksum



                                                      Source IP address



                                                    Destination Ip address



                      Source Port Number                                      Destination Port Number



                         UDP Length                                               UDP Checksum



 RTV    P     X        CC       M              PT                             RTP Sequence Number



                                                         Timestamp



                                                       SSRC Identifier



  RES         L   R     M      RES            Length                            Sequence Number



                                                      Adapted Payload

                                                                                                         RFC-5087
                                            TDMoIP Packet format for UDP/IP
                                                                                                                    49
NS-2
Simulation



             50
Simulation Parameters
• 1.5/4/9/16Kbps Frame Size
• 10/100/1000/10000 Packets Queue Size
• 10Mbps for 64Kbps DS0
• 100Mbps for 1.544/2.048Mbps T1/E1
• 1Gbps for 44.736/34.68Mbps T3/E3
• 10Gbps for 155.52Mbps STM1
• 80% Bandwidth
                                         51
Sim Throughput



                 52
53
54
55
56
57
58
Sim Delay



            59
60
61
62
63
64
65
Sim Loss



           66
67
68
69
70
71
72
Simulation Result
        Connections   80% DS0 in Structure    DS0 Performance
 DS0       125      10Mbps     125           Only
                                                125 100%
T1/E1     51/39     100Mbp 1224/1170           1250 97.92%/93.6%
T3/E3     17/23        s
                     1Gbps 11424/11040        12500 91.4%/88.32%
STM1        51      10Gbps 102816            125000 82.26%
各項測試表現以1000<Queue Size <10000 為最佳


10Gbps Ethernet以80%頻寬傳輸125000 DS0,若是附加到STM1 Frame則只有102816
DS0,佔82.26%,而和總頻寬10Gbps相比為62.8%。
這對9.95328Gbps的STM64的96.66%是較差,但是若將價格及管理花費,還有維護
的方便等一起加進來考量,就不算太差。


                                                                   73
Conclusion



             74
PSTN v.s. Carrier Grade Ethernet




                                   75
Next Generation
             PSTN Topology
User
                   POTS Phone   POTS Phone




Service




Routing




Carrier Grade Ethernet




                                             76
Carrier-Grade Ethernet




                         77
使用乙太網路作為基
      礎傳輸的好處
•   傳輸速度已達10Gbps,但價格卻是逐年下降。

•   傳輸距離可達數百公里。

•   可減化傳輸協定的層級。

•   可利用光纖Ethernet傳輸,錯誤率低,較銅線可
    靠穩定。



                                78
使用乙太網路作為基
  礎傳輸的好處
•   擴充性高

•   維護非常簡單

•   設備價格較低。

•   使用單一架構,可簡化網路。

•   架設、測試、維護簡單。

•   Overhead較少


                    79
使用乙太網路作為基
  礎傳輸的好處
•   乙太網路的連接已可從LAN至MAN而至WAN。

•   可利用VLAN作虛擬線路設定,並區分不同服務
    等級。

•   網路拓蹼可為環狀或樹狀架構或混合。

•   已支援OAM及時管理及監控。



                              80
Technology
• VLAN/VLAN stacking (IEEE 802.1Q/ad/ah)
• Extending the Spanning Tree concept (IEEE
  802.1D/S/W)
• Resilient Packet Ring (IEEE 802.17)
• MPLS (ITU-T 8110.1/8112/8121)
• Ethernet OAM (IEEE 802.3ah/802.1ag/ITU-
  T Y.1731)


                                              81
Protocol Layer
                  Functionality
                    Scalability           QoS/TE                 Resilience                 OAM

      IP           Subnet, NAT             DSCP                  Re-Routing         Ping, Trace route etc.

   Ethernet         12/24 bit       GMPLS-based TE,            1:1 protection
                                                                                           802.1ag
VLAN Switching     Label space     802.1p prioritization          switching
  Ethernet         46,46+12 bit     GMPLS-based TE,            1:1 protection
                                                                                           802.1ag
 MAC-in-MAC         Label space    802.1p prioritization          switching
   Ethernet          20 bit          GMPLS-based TE,            1:1 protection              802.1ag,
    T-MPLS         Label space     Prioritization EXP bits switching, Fast Re-Route LSP ping/LSP traceroute
   Ethernet      10/100/1000Mbps
                                                                802.17 RPR                 802.3ah
     PHY            10/100Gbps

    WDM              DWDM                                    Standby channels

    Fiber            bundles                                 Redundant fibers




                                                                                                              82
Ethernet Protocols Stack

                                                                          Audio/Video/Data Services



                                                        Virtual Circuit

                                                                                                                                      VPLS

                                                            PSTN



               T-Carrier/E-Carrier/SONET/SDH

                                                                                  VoIP                          SNMP

                                                 PWE3



        PWE3                                                                          TCP/UDP
                                                                                                                                             1588 PTP

                                                                                            IP
                                                                                                                                      MPLS

                    802.1D/S/W STP/RSTP/MSTP



                                       802.1Q VLAN                  802.1Q VLAN                               802.1aq OAM



802.2           802.1Q VLAN                                        802.1ad Q-in-Q

                                       802.1ad Q-in-Q

                                                                802.1ah MAC-in-MAC               802.17 RPR             802.3ah OAM



                                                                                    802.3




                                                                                                                                                        83
The End



          84

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Carrier grade ethernet presentation

  • 1. 電信網路的難題 • 規格不一(T-Carrier/E-Carrier/SDH...) • 多種協定架構(ATM/Frame Relay/ISDN...) • 管理困難 • 查修及維護困難度高,需大量人力 • 需要同步信號 2
  • 2. PSTN Topology User IP IP IP Phone IP Phone Service Routing PSTN 3
  • 3. PSTN Protocols Stack IPTV Network VoIP Services Services Services IP A/V VPN Services Private Net Internet Dialup Lease DSL POTS Line ATM TDM SDH Wireless Optical Cabling Coxal Cabling Cabling 4
  • 4. SDH Add Drop Mux 5
  • 6. T1 to E1 Translate 7
  • 7. Carrier Frame Size Frame Size Payload Speed Ratio T1 193 1536 1544 99.48% T2 1176 6144 6312 97.34% T3 4760 43008 44736 96.14% E1 240 1920 2048 93.75% E2 848 7680 8448 90.91% E3 1536 30720 34368 89.39% OC1/STM0 6480 49536000 51840000 95.56% OC3/STM1 19440 149760000 155520000 96.30% OC12/STM4 77760 600768000 622080000 96.57% OC48/STM16 311040 2404800000 2488320000 96.64% OC192/STM64 1244160 9620928000 9953280000 96.66% OC768/STM256 4976640 38485440000 39813120000 96.67% 8
  • 9. Ethernet Frame Format 1518 bytes S Premble F D DA SA Length Payload FCS 7 byte 6 byte 6 byte 2 byte 46-1500 byte 4 byte 1518 bytes Premble DA SA Type Payload FCS Ethernet II Frame 8 byte 6 byte 6 byte 2 byte 46-1500 byte 4 byte 1522 bytes C Premble DA SA 0x8100 CoS F VID Type Payload FCS I 8 byte 6 byte 6 byte 2 byte 2 byte 2 byte 46-1500 byte 4 byte 1526 bytes S C C C Premble DA SA 0x88A8 PCP/DE 0x8100 CoS F Type Payload FCS VID I VID 8 byte 6 byte 6 byte 2 byte 2 byte 2 byte 2 byte 2 byte 46-1500 byte 4 byte 1536 bytes C B S C C C Premble B-DA B-SA 0x88A8 B CoS F 0x88E7 CoS F I-SID DA SA 0x8100 C CoS F Type Payload FCS I VID I I VID 8 byte 6 byte 6 byte 2 byte 2 byte 2 byte 2 byte 3 byte 6 byte 6 byte 2 byte 2 byte 2 byte 46-1500 byte 4 byte 10
  • 10. Ethernet Frame Evolution Payload Payload Payload C-VID C-VID Payload VID S-VID S-VID DA DA DA DA SA SA SA SA I-SID 802.3 802.1Q 802.1ad Virtual LAN Provider bridges B-VID B-DA SA: Source MAC address DA: Destination MAC address VID: VLAN ID B-SA C-VID: Customer VID S-VID: Service VID I-SID: Service ID 802.1ah B-VID: Backbone VID B-DA: Backbone DA Provider backbone bridges B-SA: Backbone SA 11
  • 11. Frame Semantic • VLAN Cross Connect identifier has local port scope • Frame format as defined in IEEE 802.1Q • VLAN Cross Connect tagged frame allows up to 4K VLANs per port VXC-TAG Destination MAC Source MAC TPID TCI Ether Type / Len Data FCS C 12-bit VLAN Cross Connect ID PCP F VXC ID up to 4K VLANs per port I 12
  • 12. Service Model Destination MAC Source MAC C-tag Ether Type / Len Data FCS Destination MAC Source MAC S-tag C-tag Ether Type / Len Data FCS • At the boundary of the VLAN-XC domain, the VLAN ID of the outer tag (C-tag or S-Tag) can be used to associate the frame with a particular VLAN-XC connection. • If required, the outer tag (C-tag or S-tag) is preserved and transparently transported within the VLAN-XC domain 13
  • 13. Frame Semantic • Extended VLAN Cross Connect • Frame Format as defined in IEEE 802.1ad • VLAN Cross Connect tagged frame allows up to 16M VLANs per port EVXC-TAG Destination MAC Source MAC TPID TCI TPID TCI Ether Type / Len Data FCS C C PCP F VLAN ID PCP F VLAN ID I I 24-bit VLAN Cross Connect ID EVXC ID up to 16M VLANs per Port 14
  • 14. VLAN Cross Connect with CE-VLAN Preservation Example VLAN Cross Connect Connection PE-Node P-Node P-Node PE-Node L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame Port 3 Port 6 Port 2 Port 8 Port 4 Port 12 Port 6 Port 9 Destination MAC Destination MAC Destination MAC Destination MAC Destination MAC Source MAC Source MAC Source MAC Source MAC Source MAC CE-VLAN VXC=1024 VXC=236 VXC=2636 CE-VLAN CE-VLAN CE-VLAN CE-VLAN 15
  • 15. Extended VLAN Cross Connect Example VLAN Cross Connect Connection PE-Node P-Node P-Node PE-Node L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 Frame Frame Frame Frame Frame Port 3 Port 6 Port 2 Port 8 Port 4 Port 12 Port 6 Port 9 Destination MAC Destination MAC Destination MAC Destination MAC Destination MAC Source MAC Source MAC Source MAC Source MAC Source MAC CE-VLAN CE-VLAN EVXC=12045 EVXC=645 VXC=15320 CE-VLAN CE-VLAN CE-VLAN 16
  • 16. Scalability EVXC EVXC MAC Tag Tag EVXC EVXC MAC Tag Tag Level n+1 EVXC EVXC MAC MAC Tag Tag EVXC EVXC MAC MAC Tag Tag Level n Level n • VLAN Cross Connect can be naturally extended to work with hierarchical domains using tunneling • Uses standard VLAN stacking 17
  • 17. Ethernet Jumbo Frame 一般的 Ethernet Frame Size 是以資料長度 1500 bytes 加上 18 bytes 的表頭所組成的。不論是 10Mbps 或是 10Gbps 都因為相容需要, 而使用相同的 MTU。會選擇使用 1500bytes 的長度是因為早期的 10Mbps 的 Ethernet 使用 CSMA/CD 及同軸電纜,傳輸錯誤率並不 低,若傳輸有錯誤發生時,所需重送的資料量就比較大,而且大的 Frame Size 代表傳送及接收時,都需要大量的記憶體作為 Buffer。 但以今日的記憶體及處理器,相對網路傳輸速度需求而言,是較低 的價格,而且利用光纖傳輸的品質,比銅纜好很多,所以將 Frame Size 放大是可以預見的。在 Internet 2 (I2) 的骨幹網路上就已經測 試使用 4KByte和9KByte 的Jumbo Frame 多年。 而且其他非Ethernet的協定也都使用較大的Frame Size,若Ethernet 也使用較大的Frame Size可以減少封包的切割,並可加快傳輸速 度。 18
  • 18. Standard Frame Size Media Type Speed Frame MTU Maximum Frame Length Ethernet 10 Mbps 1500 1518 802.3 10 Mbps 1518 1536 802.3u 100 Mbps 1518 1536 802.3z/ab 1 Gbps 1518 1536 802.3ae/an 10 Gbps 1518 1536 802.3ba 100 Gbps 1518? 1536? 802.5 4 Mbps 4528 4550 802.5 16 Mbps 18173 18200 802.5 100 Mbps 18173 18200 802.11g 54 Mbps 2312 2346 FDDI 100 Mbps 4352 4470 Fiber Channel 2 Gbps 65280 65280 POS/OC48 2.5 Gbps 9180 9180 ATM/AAL5 9180 9180 19
  • 19. Jumbo Frame Benefit • Lower Overhead of Packets • High Utilization of Connection • High Transmission Rate • Low CPU Utilization • Improved Performance of Transmission 20
  • 20. Jumbo Frame Requirement • Low Transport Error Rates • High Speed Connection • Hardware Buffer Size Limitation • Long Size of Packet Aware 21
  • 21. Jumbo Frame Problem • Conjunction occur problem • Short Size Packets • Transmission Error problem • Difficult to QoS • Large Hardware Buffer • Longer Delay 22
  • 22. Ethernet Jumbo Frame FrameSize (in bit) =IFG+SFD+DMAC+SMAC+Q+Q+Length+Payload+FCS =(96/8)+8+6+6+4+4+2+Payload+4 =46+Payload =368+(Payload*8) 1.5K Frame = 1500 * 8 + 368 = 12368 bit 4K Frame = 4000 * 8 = 32000 +368 bit 9K Frame = 9000 * 8 = 72000 +368 bit 16K Frame = 16000 * 8 = 128000 +368 bit 32K Frame = 32000 * 8 = 256000 +368 bit 64K Frame = 64000 * 8 = 512000 +368 bit 23
  • 23. Frame Speed Frame Size Ratio 10Mb 100Mb 1Gb 10Gb 100Gb Frame/Sec Throughput Frame/Sec Throughput Frame/Sec Throughput Frame/Sec Throughput Frame/Sec Throughput 0.046K 736 50.00% 13587 5000000 135870 50000000 1358696 500000000 13586957 5000000000 135869565 50000000000 12368 97.02% 809 9702458 8085 97024580 80854 970245796 9702457956 97024579560 1.5K 808538 8085382 4K 32368 98.86% 309 9886307 3089 98863075 30895 988630746 308947 9886307464 3089471 98863074642 9K 72368 99.49% 138 9949149 1382 99491488 13818 994914880 138183 9949148795 1381826 99491487950 16K 128368 99.71% 78 9971332 779 99713324 7790 997133242 77901 9971332419 779010 99713324193 32K 256368 99.86% 39 9985646 390 99856456 3901 998564563 39006 9985645634 390064 99856456344 512368 99.93% 20 9992818 195 99928177 1952 999281766 9992817662 99928176623 64K 19517 195172 24
  • 24. 因為現在的 CPU大都使用中斷方式,處理因正常處理程序執行之外發生的事 件,利用中斷可以有效的處理在相同的時間,發生事件而引發需執行的不同 程序。假設網路處理單元需要 1000 個 CPU clock cycle 處理一個中斷服務,而 中斷可以占用所有計算資源的一半。 當10Mb ethernet 使用最大為1500 byte 的 Frame size,最多產生每秒 810 個中 斷,所以至少需要的處理速度為 1.6MHz。 810x1000x2=1620000=1.6MHz 而以10Gb Ethernet 而言,使用 1500byte Frame 就需要 1.6GHz。 808538x1000x2= 1617076000=1.6GHz. 若是使用 64Kbyte Frame 的話卻只需要 39MHz。 19517x1000x2=39034000Hz=39MHz. 若是 100Gb ethernet 使用 1500byte Frame 的話需要 16GHz。 8085382x1000x2=16170764000=16GHz. 但換成 64Kbyte Frame 只需要 390MHz。 195172x1000x2=390344000=390.34MHz 這樣使得使用較低階的 CPU 傳送全速 100Gb 的資料成為可能。 25
  • 25. 但是為何 Jumbo Frame 沒有全面取代原本的1500byte 的 Ethernet frame size ? 原因除了要向前版相容,以免因換用 Jumbo Frame 而需要將 全部的網路設備更換。還有就是因為換了較大的 Frame Size 而造成 Buffer 變小,而有可能原本更換為 Jumbo Frame 是要 加快傳輸速度,結果可能因為 Buffer 變小而反而變慢。 但為何 Line Speed 的 Switch 需要使用到 Buffer ? 事實上因為在 Switch 時會需要查 Forwarding Table 及對 Frame 作一些錯誤防止的處理,所以利用內部的 Buffer 先將資料暫 存,等到檢查無誤之後,再傳送。或者是因為 QoS 的考慮, 而需要將具有高優先的資料先行傳送,而低優先的資料,就 只有先暫存在 Buffer 中了。 26
  • 26. 例如原本使用 1500byte 時,網路設備的 Buffer 最多可以暫 存256個 Frame 的資料。 1500x256=384000=384KByte ,而 以一部 24 port 的 Lan switch 來說也只要 384x24=9216=9.216MByte 的空間就可以了,換成每片 4Mbit 的晶片,三片就可以工作得很好。這樣的空間可以 處理10Mbit Ethernet大約一秒的 delay。但是換成 4K Jumbo Frame 時就只有 384000/4000=96個 Frame,而換成 9K Frame 只有 384000/9000=42個Frame,而 16K Frame 只有 384000/16000=24個 Frame。 以原本的設計,因 QoS 設計,區分為 4 個等級時,每個 Queue 還可以放 256/4=64 個 Frame ,這樣子在 QoS 的調 整上還足以應付需求。 若為 9K Frame 時,每個 Queue 只 可以放 10 個 Frame 的資料,而 16K Frame 更只有24/4=6 個,這樣 Buffer 很容易就會滿了,而發生資料遺失。所以 要使用 Jumbo Frame 時,在設計 QoS 時需要注意到這些細 節作調整。 27
  • 28. STP Multiple Path Protection 29
  • 32. RPR Operation Failure Bandwidth Allocation 33
  • 34. Line Protection Summary 反應時間 頻寬效率 架構 硬體需求 STP >50ms 一般 Loop None RPR <50ms 高 Ring Need ERPS <50ms 一般 Loop None 35
  • 35. OAM Standards • IEEE standards 802.3ah EFM OAM for access link • IEEE standards 802.1ag CFM - Connectivity Fault Management on link layer • ITU Y.1730 / Y1731 Ethernet OAM • MPLS OAM • MEF-16 OAM 36
  • 36. OAM Protocol Matrix Fault Fault Fault Fault Repair Fault Repair Detection Notification Verification Isolation Verification 802.3ah 802.3ah 802.3ah Link EFM OAM SNMP EFM OAM RSTP EFM OAM 802.1ag IEEE 802.1ag CFM / ITU-T Y.1731 MSTP Y.1731 Service Transport MPLS VCCD/BFD MSTP LSP Ping Service Level MEF Service OAM MEF Agreement 37
  • 37. OAM in networks Service Provider CE U-PE U-PE CE Customer Access Core Access Customer End to End OAM 802.3ah 802.1ag 802.3ah 802.1ag 802.1ag 802.1ag Operator Operator Operator Domain Domain Domain 38
  • 38. IEEE 802.3ah OAM • Define in IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet First Mile section 57. • Use MAC sublayer multicast slow protocol • Monitor link operation • Remote fault indication • Remote loopback control 39
  • 39. OAM functions • Auto discovery • Unidirectional fault signaling • Remote loopback test • Link monitoring • Critical Events • Layer 2 variable retrieval • Organization specific extensions 40
  • 40. OAM Sublayer Block OAM CTRL OAM PDU Request Request MAC Data request MAC Data Indication OAM CTRL OAM PDU Indication Indication Control CTRL OAM request CTRL OAM Indication OAM request Loopback Frame Multiplexer Parser MAC Data request MAC Data Indication OAM Sublayer block diagrom 41
  • 41. OAM Remote Loopback OAM MAC MAC OAM Client Client Client Client OAM OAM MAC Control MAC Control MAC MAC Physical Physical Local Remote DTE DTE Medium OAM Remote Loopback 42
  • 42. IEEE 802.1ag CFM • Continuity Check packet type • Layer 2 Ping packet type • Layer 2 Trace Route packet type • Per services fault isolation with VLAN • Uses domains to contain OAM flows and bound OAM responsibilities 43
  • 43. ITU-T Y.1731 • Alarm Indication Signal (Eth-AIS) • Remote Defect Indication (Eth-RDI) • Locked Signal (Eth-LCK) • Test Signal (Eth-TEST) • Performance Monitoring (Eth-PM) • Frame Loss Measurement (Eth-LM) • Frame Delay Measurement (Eth-DM) 44
  • 44. MPLS OAM • Label Switched Path (LSP) Ping • Label Switched Path (LSP) Traceroute • Virtual Circuit Connection Verification (VCCV) • Bi-directional Forwarding Detection (BFD) • Fast Re-Route 45
  • 45. MFE OAM • Point to point Ethernet Virtual Circuit (EVC) Performance Monitoring (PM) • Point to multi-point EVC PM • Multi-point to multi-point EVC PM • EVC Fault management 46
  • 46. PWE3 Reference Model Pseudo Wire PSN Tunnel Logical Link Physical Link Physical Link PW1 CE1 Attachment Circuit PE1 PE2 Attachment Circuit CE2 PW2 Customer Edge 1 Customer Edge 2 Provider Edge 1 Provider Edge 2 Reference Clock Emulated Service PWE3 reference model 47
  • 47. Protocol Stack Reference Model Emulated Service Emulated Service Emulated Service TDM/ATM/FR/Ethernet TDM/ATM/FR/Ethernet Payload Payload Pseudo Wire Encapsulation Encapsulation PW Demultiplexer PW Demultiplexer PSN Tunnel PSN Tunnel PSN Tunnel PSN PSN Physical Layers Physical Layers PSN PWE3 Protocol Stack Reference Model 48
  • 48. TDMoIP for UDP/IP IP Header IP Version IP TOS Total Length Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Time to Live Protocol IP Header Checksum Source IP address Destination Ip address Source Port Number Destination Port Number UDP Length UDP Checksum RTV P X CC M PT RTP Sequence Number Timestamp SSRC Identifier RES L R M RES Length Sequence Number Adapted Payload RFC-5087 TDMoIP Packet format for UDP/IP 49
  • 50. Simulation Parameters • 1.5/4/9/16Kbps Frame Size • 10/100/1000/10000 Packets Queue Size • 10Mbps for 64Kbps DS0 • 100Mbps for 1.544/2.048Mbps T1/E1 • 1Gbps for 44.736/34.68Mbps T3/E3 • 10Gbps for 155.52Mbps STM1 • 80% Bandwidth 51
  • 52. 53
  • 53. 54
  • 54. 55
  • 55. 56
  • 56. 57
  • 57. 58
  • 58. Sim Delay 59
  • 59. 60
  • 60. 61
  • 61. 62
  • 62. 63
  • 63. 64
  • 64. 65
  • 65. Sim Loss 66
  • 66. 67
  • 67. 68
  • 68. 69
  • 69. 70
  • 70. 71
  • 71. 72
  • 72. Simulation Result Connections 80% DS0 in Structure DS0 Performance DS0 125 10Mbps 125 Only 125 100% T1/E1 51/39 100Mbp 1224/1170 1250 97.92%/93.6% T3/E3 17/23 s 1Gbps 11424/11040 12500 91.4%/88.32% STM1 51 10Gbps 102816 125000 82.26% 各項測試表現以1000<Queue Size <10000 為最佳 10Gbps Ethernet以80%頻寬傳輸125000 DS0,若是附加到STM1 Frame則只有102816 DS0,佔82.26%,而和總頻寬10Gbps相比為62.8%。 這對9.95328Gbps的STM64的96.66%是較差,但是若將價格及管理花費,還有維護 的方便等一起加進來考量,就不算太差。 73
  • 74. PSTN v.s. Carrier Grade Ethernet 75
  • 75. Next Generation PSTN Topology User POTS Phone POTS Phone Service Routing Carrier Grade Ethernet 76
  • 77. 使用乙太網路作為基 礎傳輸的好處 • 傳輸速度已達10Gbps,但價格卻是逐年下降。 • 傳輸距離可達數百公里。 • 可減化傳輸協定的層級。 • 可利用光纖Ethernet傳輸,錯誤率低,較銅線可 靠穩定。 78
  • 78. 使用乙太網路作為基 礎傳輸的好處 • 擴充性高 • 維護非常簡單 • 設備價格較低。 • 使用單一架構,可簡化網路。 • 架設、測試、維護簡單。 • Overhead較少 79
  • 79. 使用乙太網路作為基 礎傳輸的好處 • 乙太網路的連接已可從LAN至MAN而至WAN。 • 可利用VLAN作虛擬線路設定,並區分不同服務 等級。 • 網路拓蹼可為環狀或樹狀架構或混合。 • 已支援OAM及時管理及監控。 80
  • 80. Technology • VLAN/VLAN stacking (IEEE 802.1Q/ad/ah) • Extending the Spanning Tree concept (IEEE 802.1D/S/W) • Resilient Packet Ring (IEEE 802.17) • MPLS (ITU-T 8110.1/8112/8121) • Ethernet OAM (IEEE 802.3ah/802.1ag/ITU- T Y.1731) 81
  • 81. Protocol Layer Functionality Scalability QoS/TE Resilience OAM IP Subnet, NAT DSCP Re-Routing Ping, Trace route etc. Ethernet 12/24 bit GMPLS-based TE, 1:1 protection 802.1ag VLAN Switching Label space 802.1p prioritization switching Ethernet 46,46+12 bit GMPLS-based TE, 1:1 protection 802.1ag MAC-in-MAC Label space 802.1p prioritization switching Ethernet 20 bit GMPLS-based TE, 1:1 protection 802.1ag, T-MPLS Label space Prioritization EXP bits switching, Fast Re-Route LSP ping/LSP traceroute Ethernet 10/100/1000Mbps 802.17 RPR 802.3ah PHY 10/100Gbps WDM DWDM Standby channels Fiber bundles Redundant fibers 82
  • 82. Ethernet Protocols Stack Audio/Video/Data Services Virtual Circuit VPLS PSTN T-Carrier/E-Carrier/SONET/SDH VoIP SNMP PWE3 PWE3 TCP/UDP 1588 PTP IP MPLS 802.1D/S/W STP/RSTP/MSTP 802.1Q VLAN 802.1Q VLAN 802.1aq OAM 802.2 802.1Q VLAN 802.1ad Q-in-Q 802.1ad Q-in-Q 802.1ah MAC-in-MAC 802.17 RPR 802.3ah OAM 802.3 83
  • 83. The End 84