2013.07.22 Tom De Nies - METHOD 2013 - Easy Access to Provenance: an Essential Step Towards Trust on the Web

ELIS – Multimedia Lab
Tom De Nies
Ghent University – iMinds – MMLab
http://users.ugent.be/~tdenies
@TomDeNies
Easy Access to Provenance: an Essential Step
Towards Trust on the Web
Presentation at METHOD 2013

2
Easy Access to Provenance: an Essential Step Towards Trust on the Web
Tom De Nies (iMinds-MMLab)
22/07/2013
prefix ex: <http://example.org>
entity(ex:Tom, [prov:type=“prov:Person”])
entity(ex:Tom_in_Belgium) specializationOf(ex:Tom_in_Belgium, ex:Tom)
entity(ex:Tom_in_Japan) specializationOf(ex:Tom_in_Japan, ex:Tom)
wasDerivedFrom(ex:Tom_in_Japan, ex:Tom_in_Belgium, ex:travel, -, -)
activity(ex:travel)
activity(ex:departure) activity(ex:arrival)
wasStartedBy(ex:travel, -, ex:departure, 2013-07-21T15:00:00+02:00)
wasEndedBy(ex:travel, -, ex:arrival, 2013-07-22T20:00:00+09:00)
activity(ex:presentation)
wasAssociatedWith(ex:presentation, ex:Tom_in_Japan)
The provenance of today’s talk

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activity(ex:travel)
The provenance of today’s talk
Possible distrust
event due to jetlag!

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With this provenance, the trust assessment score of this talk
would be less then ideal
However, that’s why it’s a trust assessment, not a certainty.
Trust me ;-)
Disclaimer

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 Introduction to provenance
 Lessons learned from literature
 Provenance-based trust assessment
 Use case: the “Oh, Yeah?”-button
Overview

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Definition:
“Provenance is information about
entities, activities, and people
involved in producing a piece of data or thing,
which can be used to form assessments about its
quality, reliability or trustworthiness. ”
Introduction to provenance

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The new PROV family of specifications
4 W3C Recommendations:
 PROV-DM: Data Model
 PROV-Constraints: Constraints for valid PROV
 PROV-N: human-readable notation
 PROV-O: machine-readable notation
+ 8 Notes
www.w3.org/TR/prov-overview
Standardized provenance

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Overview

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Reputation, reputation, reputation…
 Collaborative
 Personalized [1]
Lessons learned from literature
[1] J. Golbeck and A. Mannes, “Using trust and provenance for content filtering on the semantic web,” in
Proceedings of the Models of Trust for the Web Workshop, 2006.

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… but not only reputation!
The provenance matters.
Use a combination of both [2,3]
[2] D. Ceolin, P. Groth, W. R. van Hage, A. Nottamkandath, and W. Fokkink, “Trust evaluation through user reputation
and provenance analysis,” in 8th International Workshop on Uncertainty Reasoning for the Semantic Web, 2012, p. 15.
[3] H.-S. Lim, Y.-S. Moon, and E. Bertino, “Provenancebased trustworthiness assessment in sensor networks,” in
Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Data Management for Sensor Networks. ACM, 2010, pp. 2–7.

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Humans don’t assign trust scores,
they identify distrust events [4].
[4] X. Li, T. Lebo, and D. L. McGuinness, “Provenance based strategies to develop trust in semantic web
applications,” in Provenance and Annotation of Data and Processes. Springer, 2010, pp. 182–197.

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Currently, there is no system
that only uses provenance
to make trust assessments.
(to the best of our knowledge)

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Overview

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We define 6 criteria:
1. Availability
2. Validity
3. Provenance of provenance
4. Consistency
5. Correctness
6. Reputation
Provenance-based Trust Assessment
Human-understandable
Conclusions
vs.
Machine-understandable
Trust score

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PROV-AQ: Access and Query
3 options:
Accessing Provenance on the Web
1. HTTP Link header
Link: <provenance-URI>; rel=
"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#has_provenance";
anchor="target-URI",
<provenance-service-URI>; rel=
"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#has_query_service";
anchor="target-URI"

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3 options:
2. HTML <link> element
<html>
<head>
<link href="provenance-URI" rel=
"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#has_provenance">
<link href="target-URI" rel=
"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#has_anchor">
<link href="provenance-service-URI" rel=
"http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#has_query_service">
</head>
<body> ... </body>
</html>

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3 options:
3. RDF
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#>.
<resource-URI>
prov:has_provenance <provenance-URI>;
prov:has_anchor <target-URI>;
prov:has_query_service <provenance-service-URI>;

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Based on PROV-Constraints
http://provenance.ecs.soton.ac. uk/validator/validation/submit
validate : 'Validate'
url : <provenance-URI>
file : <file upload>
statements : <the provenance statements>
Provenance Validation

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Trust cannot be directly derived from validation …
… but it does indicate that the author made an effort!
Provenance Validation

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Coarse-grained: use prov:bundle
A bundle is also an entity,
so it’s’provenance can be described!
Fine-grained: use annotations
e.g., “Uncertainty Provenance (UP)” [5]
http://semweb.mmlab.be/ns/up
up:assertionConfidence
up:assertionType
 (e.g., up:HumanAsserted, up:MachineGenerated, …)
[5] De Nies, Tom, et al. "Modeling uncertain provenance and provenance of uncertainty in W3C PROV." WWW2013, 2013.
Provenance of Provenance

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Does the provenance correspond to alternative sources?
Normalization/Equivalence [PROV-Constraints]
Provenance Consistency

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Does the provenance correspond to the content?
Feature extraction/comparison
Semantic similarity
Provenance Correctness

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 Reputation of provenance source
 Reputation of agents, entities
 Feed domains to reputation service, e.g., Web of Trust
http://mywot.com
Provenance Reputation

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 Trust assessment
 Accessing & validating provenance
Overview

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Tim Berners-Lee (1997)
“Each browser should have a button labeled ‘Oh, Yeah?’,
that you press when you lose that feeling of trust.”
Use Case: the “Oh, Yeah?”-button
Distrust events!

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Currently:
We support 4 out of the 6 criteria:
1. Availability
2. Validity
3. Provenance of provenance
4. Consistency
5. Correctness
6. Reputation
“Oh, Yeah?” Trust Assessment
Future Work

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“Oh, Yeah?” Visualisation
Discussion:
• Still too detailed for novice users!
Future Work:
• Adjustable level of detail
• Support all 6 criteria
• Identify distrust events beforehand
• Objective evaluation

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activity(ex:travel)
So where does that leave today’s talk?
Certified by His Royal Highness King Filip of Belgium!
(who was crowned yesterday)
Provenance and reputation: a good recipe for trust!

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Available in Chrome Web Store!
http://users.ugent.be/~tdenies
@TomDeNies
Co-authors:
• Coppens, S., Verborgh, R., Vander Sande, M., Mannens, E., Van de Walle, R.
(Ghent University – iMinds – MMLab)
• Michaelides, D., and Moreau, L. (University of Southampton)
Thank you for your attention!
Oh ?
yeah

2013.07.22 Tom De Nies - METHOD 2013 - Easy Access to Provenance: an Essential Step Towards Trust on the Web

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2013.07.22 Tom De Nies - METHOD 2013 - Easy Access to Provenance: an Essential Step Towards Trust on the Web