1. Human Geography of Southeast
Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica:
Migration and Conquest
China and India influenced Southeast Asia, while
Pacific islanders remained isolated. Eventually,
European colonization greatly altered the entire
region.
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2. SECTION 1 Southeast Asia
SECTION 2 Oceania
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SECTION 3 Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica
Human Geography of Southeast
Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica:
Migration and Conquest

3. NEXT
Section 1
Southeast Asia
• Influenced by China and India, Southeast
Asia developed many vibrant, complex
cultures.
• European colonialism left a legacy that
continues to affect the region’s politics and
economics.

4. A Long History of Diversity
Nations in the Region
• Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar
- also the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam
Southeast Asia
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Continued . . .
Early History
• China rules northern Vietnam from 111 B.C. to A.D.
393
• India’s Hinduism, Buddhism influence regional
religion, art
• Early Southeast Asian states don’t have set borders
- mandalas—rings of state power around central
court
- Khmer Empire—Cambodian mandala that lasts
from 800s to 1400s

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Powerful States
• From 1300 to 1800 five powerful states exist in
Southeast Asia
- in today’s Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand, Java,
Malay Peninsula
- similar to mandalas, but larger and more complex
• Burmese, Vietnamese, Thai, Javanese national
identities develop
• Urbanization takes place, large cities grow
- Malay Peninsula’s Malacca has 100,000 people in
early 1500s
continued A Long History of Diversity

6. Colonialism and Its Aftermath
European Control
• States trade with Arabian, Indian merchants; Islam
grows in islands
• In 1509, Europeans mostly seek money, not colonies
• Europe controls area’s trade, money goes to Europe
• By 1900, all of region, except Siam (Thailand), is
colonized
• Colonies forced to farm commodities: rubber, sugar,
rice, tea, coffee
• Nationalism unites allies against rulers
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Continued . . .

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Independence
• Japan seeks “Asia for Asians,” occupies, exploits
region during WWII
• After war, states seek independence
• Indochina—French colonial Cambodia, Laos,
North, South Vietnam
- Vietnamese defeat French in 1954, win
independence for all Indochina
• U.S. becomes involved in Vietnam War
(1957-1975)
- tries to stop Communist control of South Vietnam
- U.S. leaves in 1973, South Vietnam surrenders in
1975
- Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos become Communist
continued Colonialism and Its Aftermath

8. An Uneven Economy
Traditional Economies
• Agriculture is region’s main income source; rice is
chief food crop
- Myanmar is heavily forested; produces teak wood
• Lack of industry
- Vietnam War destroyed factories, roads
- war refugees left region, reduced work force
- political turmoil in Cambodia, Myanmar blocks
growth
• Vietnam builds industry, seeks foreign investment
and trade
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Continued . . .

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Industry and Finance
• Some countries have more highly developed
economies
- Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand
- form economic alliance ASEAN—Association of
Southeast Asian Nations
- other four Southeast Asian countries join ASEAN
after 1994
• Nations don’t industrialize until 1960s
- industries: agriculture, textile, clothing, electronic
products
- Singapore is a finance center
continued An Uneven Economy

10. A Rich Mosaic of Culture
Religious Diversity
• Includes Buddhism; Catholicism (Philippines); Islam
(Indonesia)
- other religions are Hinduism and traditional, local
beliefs
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Rich Artistic Legacy
• Buddhism, Hinduism influence region’s sculpture,
architecture
- Cambodia’s ancient temple complex of Angkor
Wat
- Thailand’s Buddhist temples show modern
religious architecture
• Thailand, Indonesia have traditional costumed story
dances

11. Changing Lifestyles
The Villages
• Wood houses on stilts protect against floods
• In Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Buddhist temple is
center of village life
• Traditional clothing includes longyi—long, wrapped
skirt of Myanmar
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The Cities
• Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Singapore are modern
business cities
• Housing shortage forces migrants into slums

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Section 2
Oceania
• Settled in ancient times by migrating
Southeast Asians, Oceania developed
three cultural regions.
• Contact with Europeans and Americans
disrupted the islanders’ traditional ways of
life.

13. A History of the Islands
Nations in the Region
• All, except Nauru, are island groups
- Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated
States of Micronesia
- Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa
- Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
Oceania
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Continued . . .

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First Islanders
• Prehistoric people come from mainland by land
bridges, rafts, canoes
- use voyaging canoes to travel as far as Hawaii,
Madagascar
• Three geographic, cultural regions:
- Micronesia—“tiny islands”
- Melanesia—“black islands”
- Polynesia—“many islands”
continued A History of the Islands
Continued . . .

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Contact with the West
• Europeans explore Pacific in 1500s
• Missionaries try to convert islanders to Christianity in
1800s
• Traders seek coconut oil; sailors hunt whales
- settlers grow coconuts, coffee, pineapples, sugar
on plantations
• Westerners replace traditions; local societies decline
- Europe, U.S. turn islands into territories,
possessions
continued A History of the Islands
Continued . . .

16. SECTION
2
Recent History
• Fierce WWII battles fought in Pacific between Allies
and Japan
- after war, U.S. and others use islands to test
nuclear weapons
• Many islands have gradually moved toward self-rule
- 12 nations have become independent since 1962
- foreigners still rule the other islands
continued A History of the Islands
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17. A Traditional Economy
Agriculture
• In most economies, people work at subsistence
activities
- a family produces the food, clothing, shelter it
needs
• High islands’ soil supports crops
- bananas, sugar, cocoa, coffee, copra—dried
coconut meat
• Fishing is major source of income
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Other Economic Activities
• Nauru, Papua New Guinea have mining activities
• Tourism threatens environment, traditional lives

18. Culture of the Islands
Language and Religion
• Very linguistically diverse region includes 1,100
languages
- Papua New Guineans speak 823 languages
• Christianity is most widespread religion due to
missionaries
- some islanders practice traditional religions
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The Arts
• Arts and crafts are sometimes sold to tourists
- baskets and mats woven from palm leaves,
carved wooden masks

19. Island Life
Traditional Life
• Polynesian villages were led by chiefs; societies
were warlike
- fishing, farming economies
- taro—starchy root that makes poi—a major crop
• Micronesians were more peaceful, lived in extended
family groups
- fishing villages on coasts; farming, hunting,
gathering inland
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Continued . . .

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Recent Change
• Few cities, but they’re growing
- people move for education, jobs
- fast growth means shantytowns, bad sanitation
- urban dwellers giving up traditional ways
• Modern communication links island groups, connects
Oceania to world
continued Island Life

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Section 3
Australia, New Zealand,
and Antarctica
• Both Australia and New Zealand were
colonized by Europeans and still have a
strong European heritage.
• Because of its harsh climate Antarctica has
no permanent settlements.

22. History: Distant European Outposts
The Original Inhabitants
• Aboriginal people migrate to Australia from Asia
40,000 years ago
- hunter-gatherers with complex religious beliefs,
social structures
• New Zealand settled by Maori—migrated from
Polynesia 1,000 years ago
Australia, New Zealand, and
Antarctica
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Continued . . .
Early Explorers
• European explorers arrive in 1600s, 1700s
- Captain James Cook explores New Zealand
(1769), Australia (1770)
• Antarctica is discovered in 1820

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European Settlement
• In 1788 Britain colonizes Australia
- Sydney founded as a penal colony—a place to
send prisoners
• Hunters, whalers from U.S., Europe, Australia
colonize New Zealand
• British fight Australian Aborigines; spread European
diseases
• With 1840 Treaty of Waitangi Britain controls New
Zealand
• Gold discoveries in Australia (1851), New Zealand
(1861) draw people
continued History: Distant European Outposts

24. Modern Nations
Rights and Land Claims
• Australian colonies become independent in 1901,
New Zealand in 1907
• In 1893, New Zealand is first country to give women
the vote
• In both countries, native people have less education,
more poverty
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Issues
• Australian movement to leave British Commonwealth
is defeated in 1999
• 1959 Antarctica treaty preserves unsettled continent
for research
- 18 countries have scientific research stations, 7
claim territory

25. Economy: Meat, Wool, and Butter
Agriculture
• New Zealand sells butter, cheese, meat, wool
- in 1998, had 15 times more sheep and cattle than
people
- crops include vegetables, fruit
• Australia’s sheep ranching makes it the world’s
largest wool exporter
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Continued . . .

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Mining
• Australia has diamonds, lead, zinc, opals
- also bauxite, coal, copper, gold, iron ore
• Deposits are far from cities so mining operations are
costly
- Australian companies forced to turn to foreign
investors
- these investors control 1/2 of Australia’s mining
industry
continued Economy: Meat, Wool, and Butter
Continued . . .

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Manufacturing and Service
• Australia doesn’t rely heavily on manufacturing
• Major industry in Australia, New Zealand is
food-product processing
- New Zealand also produces wood, paper products
• 60% of Australia’s jobs are in service industries
continued Economy: Meat, Wool, and Butter
The Economic Future
• Both nations want to develop economies less
dependent on agriculture
- difficult to compete with Asia’s cheaper labor

28. Distinctive Cultures
Australia’s Culture
• Most Australians are of British descent
- but many immigrate from places like Greece, Italy,
Southeast Asia
- over 20% are foreign born; 1% are Aboriginal
• Christianity is major religion; most people speak
English
• Ancient Aborigines painted human, animal figures on
rock walls
• Australian arts include painters like Russell
Drysdale, novelists
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Continued . . .

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New Zealand’s Culture
• Mostly British, European descent; pakehas is Maori
term for whites
- 15% of people are descended from Maori
• British, Maori cultural mix—English, Maori are official
languages
- Christianity is main religion
• Maori art includes woodcarving, poetic legends
• Creative figures include authors Janet Frame, Ngaio
Marsh
- filmmakers Jane Campion, Peter Jackson
continued Distinctive Cultures

30. Modern Life
City and Country
• Both countries highly urbanized: 85% of people live
in cities, towns
- Australia’s large cities have pollution, traffic
problems
- New Zealand’s cities are quiet, uncrowded,
pollution-free
• In both countries, ranchers live far from cities
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Recreation
• Tennis, rugby, soccer, Australian rules football are
popular
- New Zealand has skiing, mountain climbing

31. NEXT
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