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Claudio G. Casati




COMUNICAZIONE TECNICA
    technical writing
                                           Parte 1 di 3
Introduzione alla Scrittura Tecnica, Technical Writer,
                      Strategie per Technical Writing


                  Gennaio 2011
                                                          1
Contenuti

 Introduzione alla Scrittura Tecnica

 Technical Writer

 Strategie per Technical Writing

 Praoblemi a livello parole




                                       2
Citazione
Parte del materiale è tratto dal corso:
MIT OpenCourseWare | 21W.783 Science and Engineering
Writing for Phase II, Fall 2002 |

Prof. Prof. David Custer, course materials for 21W.783
Science and Engineering Writing for Phase II, Fall 2002
MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), Massachusetts
Institute of Technology.
Downloaded on 20 October 2003




                                                          3
Obiettivi del Corso

• Identify the key elements of technical writing.
• Describe the nature of technical writing.
• Identify the characteristics of effective
  technical writing.
• Identify the steps in the writing process.
• Identify some tips to help your documents.




                                                    4
Scrittura Tecnica
Introduzione




                    5
Gestione della Complessità
una volta …
I romantici sostengono che, una volta, la vita era semplice
e buona. Una singola persona, sebbene eccezionale,
poteva sapere tutto quello che c'era da sapere; Aristotele
e Beda il Venerabile sono esempio di tale intelletto.
Per intelletti meno potenti, la complessità veniva gestita
attraverso l'apprendistato. Le informazioni venivano
trasferite lungo tutto il corso della vita, mentre la pratica e
la tradizione rafforzavano l'apprendimento.
Un artigiano poteva sapere tutto sul suo mestiere.


                                                                  6
Gestione della Complessità
adesso …
Ora, dopo duemila anni, la natura delle informazioni è
cambiata. La “conoscenza totale” e l’approccio da
apprendista alla gestione della complessità non sono più
fattibili.
Il volume di informazioni rende impossibile per una persona
assorbire tutto quello che c'è da sapere . Inoltre, le
informazioni cambiano più velocemente di quanto si può
apprendere attraverso l'apprendistato.
Questi cambiamenti fondamentali hanno forzato lo sviluppo
della scrittura tecnica, che permette di accedere,
aggiornare e memorizzare grandi masse di informazioni.

                                                              7
Scrittura Tecnica




“Technical Writing è qualsiasi cosa
che non si intende sia romanzesca,
immaginaria o narrativa”
                                  8
Scrittura Tecnica vs. Accademica

Caratteristiche   Scrittura Accademica Scrittura Tecnica
Scopo             Dimostrare la          Ottenere la realizzazione
                  conoscenza del tema    di qualcosa

Conoscenza        Inferiore al docente   Superiore a quella del
del tema          che deve valutare      lettore

Pubblico          Docente                Parecchie persone

Criteri per la    Profondità, logica,    Organizzazione delle idee
valutazione       chiarezza, unità e     chiara e semplice
                  grammatica




                                                                     9
Consider These Statements….

•   Looking into the azure blue sky one could see
    the golden orb of the sun slip gently beneath
    the western sky.

•   The sun set in the west.




                                                    10
Technical Writing_Definizione 1

“Technical writing conveys specific information about
 a technical subject to a specific audience for a
 specific purpose …The words and graphics of
 technical writing are meant to be practical: that is,
 to communicate a body of factual information that
 will help an audience understand a subject or carry
 out a task.”

                                        Michael H. Markel
                     Director of Technical Communication
                                    Boise State University

                                                             11
Technical Writing_Definizione 2

Prendere un tema complicato e trasformarlo in
una informazione facile-da-comprendere
per il lettore/ utente.




                                                12
Technical Writer
Technical Writing & Technical Writer




                                       13
Caratteristiche Technical Writing

• Tema Tecnico -- peculiar to or characteristic of a
  particular art, science, trade, technology, or
  profession
• Problema di Comunicazione -- recognized and
  accurately defined in the communication context
• Comunicatore, scopo, lettori/ uditorio -- once
  established, these elements are the beginning of a
  solution to the communication problem



                                                       14
Output del Technical Writing

• Informazioni precise e accurate -- discovering
  information needed to solve problem through
  thinking, study, investigation, observation,
  analysis, experimentation, and measurement
• Organizzazione e presentazione delle
  informazioni -- achieving the writer’s purpose in a
  clear, useful, purposeful way




                                                        15
Che cosa producono i
Technical Writer?
 User’s manuals
 System manuals
 Step-by-step procedures
 On-line help
 Training manuals
 Quick-reference guides
 How-to video scripts.

  I Technical Writers conoscono … i lettori, gli obiettivi,
       come scrivere con semplicità, direttamente,
                    e in modo conciso.
                                                              16
Technical Writers_Caratteristiche

• Metodico
• Organizzato            La scrittura tecnica
• Obiettivo
                         eccellente trasmette una
                         impressione globale di
• Centrato sui lettori
                         autorità, accuratezza,
• Onesto
                         completezza, e di lavoro
• Critico                onesto.
• Informato
• Risoluto, deciso
                                                    17
Strategie per Technical Writing
Gestione della complessità




                                  18
2 livelli di complessità
Nella Comunicazione Tecnica devono essere gestiti due
livelli di complessità :
  • l'idea stessa e
  • il complesso incastro di parole utilizzato, sulla
    pagina, per esprimere l'idea.
Gestire la complessità delle idee rimarrà una attività
dello scrittore, mentre l’esperienza sviluppata nella
gestione della complessità del testo è facilmente
trasferibili a diversi contesti, lavorando sulla struttura
del testo e sui processi che contribuiscono a crearlo.

                                                             19
Strategie per TW
La complessità di gestione della documentazione tecnica
richiede strategie di progettazione.
Alcune comunemente applicate sono:
      semplificazione
      prioritizzazione
      Iterazione
      struttura
      pianificazione
      astrazione
      collaborazione


                                                          20
Semplificazione
Like "the force,'' simplification has a light
and a dark side.

   “Light side” -- Sia prioritizzazione, che iterazione, struttura,
   pianificazione, astrazione, collaborazione, possono essere
   utilizzate in modo appropriato per semplificare una idea.
   For example, diverse empirical information can be
   "simplified'' by abstraction, through the definition of a law
   or principle.
   “Dark side” -- The improper use of simplification is to
   "water down,'' to remove relevant detail from a perfectly
   good idea just to make the idea easy to express.


                                                                      21
Prioritizzazione, iterazione, …

Prioritizzazione -- If the project is large, the most
important aspects should be dealt with first.
Iterazione -- iteration is important because the
drafting process transforms the idea as understood by
the author into an idea that can be understood by the
reader.
Struttura -- For technical documents, structure
increases the ease of finding and absorbing
information.



                                                        22
Pianificazione, astrazione, …
Pianificazione -- Planning is the definition or
organization of structure.
Astrazione -- Abstraction is a very effective
method of simplification.
Collaborazione -- Balance collaboration with
efficiency.




                                                  23
Scrivere è un processo

Scrivere bene significa, sia produrre un
documento adeguato, sia attivare una
serie di azioni con l’obiettivo di produrre
documenti conformi alle specifiche.
Processi:
    • pianificazione,
    • organizzazione,
    • scrittura,
    • revisione,
    • editing, e
    • riscrittura.
                                              24
Scrivere è un processo
collaborativo
 Scrivere migliora con la pratica.
 • Feedback on this writing produces better writing and
   better writing habits.
 Scrivere è una attività collaborativa.
 • Writing is a collaboration between the writer and the
   audience. Both expect cooperation from the other.
 • Without this cooperation, nothing is communicated.
 • Writing can also be a collaboration among writers
   working together on a common task.

                                                           25
Problemi a livello parola
Parole vaghe, offensive, …




Fonte: spincity.tumblr.com


                             26
C’è, è
C’è/ è/there is and it is: These pairs of words often are used to
start sentences. They convey neither information nor
connections themselves and are thus dead text. Worse, it has
the connotation of linking back to a noun; a reader trying to
make such a connection will be confused. Recast sentences
that start with these pairs.
Frase originale                Frase riscritta
It is possible to achieve
                               Maximum velocity can be
maximum velocity within
                               achieved within five seconds.
five seconds.
There is an immense
                               We have to do an immense
amount of work that we
                               amount of work.
have to do.
                                                                    27
Molto/ Moltissimo/A lot
Molto/ Moltissimo/A lot -- A lot means a lot to the author, but
not much to the reader. Be specific about the quantity.
 Frase originale                Frase riscritta
 A lot of dentists recommend    Four out of five dentists
 sugarless gum.                 recommend sugarless gum.


 Suddetto/ Succitato/ aforementioned -- The reader won't
 know which idea to associate with these constructs: qualify
 and recap the idea for the reader.



                                                                  28
Surprise transition words
Transition words are often a surprise to the reader. The author understands
the connection and indeed puts in a logically correct transition word.
Unfortunately, the logic and connection come too late for the reader.
The most common offending words are thus, therefore, and however.
Original                                   Rewrite
Immunoprecipitation is a
powerful technique because                 Because the specificity of the
the specificity of the immuno-             immunoglobulin for its ligand is
globulin for its ligand is high.           high, immunoprecipitation
Thus, it allows detection and              allows detection and possible
                                           quantification of a target
possible quantification of a
                                           antigen in a mixture of proteins.
target antigen in a mixture of
proteins.
The original is difficult to understand because its structure is not clear from the
start. The information about immunoprecipitation is true enough, but the reader
doesn't know what to do with the information. The "thus" comes as a surprise.
The reader needs to backtrack and remember the previous idea.                         29
Parole vaghe
involve, deal with, and discuss
These words are vague. Provide more detail; be specific. I see involve used in
resumes and cover letters to very poor effect.

Original                                 Rewrite
I was involved in research on            I constructed the current
high temperature oxygen                  probes, measured the frequency
conductivity. I was involved in          response of thin film samples,
research on high temperature             and analyzed data for high
oxygen conductivity.                     temperature oxygen
                                         conductivity experiments.


Without additional elaboration, the original sentence could mean that the author
provided the researchers with pizza.


                                                                                   30
ESL (English as a Second Language)
ESL/ ESL (English as a Second Language ) – Problemi a livello
parola:
   subject-verb match
   determiners
   prepositions
   infinitives
Get a native speaker to proof read your text. In the absence of a
native speaker, devote a proofreading to these trouble spots.




                                                                31
Problemi a Livello Parola 2/3
• Suddetto/ Succitato/ aforementioned -- The reader won't
  know which idea to associate with these constructs: qualify
  and recap the idea for the reader.
• ESL/ ESL (English as a Second Language ) -- Get a native
  speaker to proof read your text. In the absence of a native
  speaker, devote a proofreading to these trouble spots.
• Coinvolgere/Affrontare/ Discutere/ Involve, deal with, and
  discuss – Parole vaghe: dettagliare, specificare.
   Frase originale              Frase riscritta
   I was involved in research   I constructed the current probes, measured
   on high temperature          the frequency response of thin film samples,
   oxygen conductivity.         and analyzed data for high temperature
                                oxygen conductivity experiments.
                                                                               32
Ovviamente/Obviously
In rough drafts obvious is an important flag to the writer; it
means the idea is vitally important and care must be taken to
make that idea obvious to the reader. A reader can think
three things when reading the word obviously:
   It is obvious, so why is it mentioned.
   It is not obvious; the author is stupid.
   It is not obvious; the reader is stupid.
Because none of these modes of thought are productive,
obviously should be ruthlessly eliminated from final drafts.




                                                                 33
Sfortunatamente, …
 Purtroppo/ Sfortunatamente/ unfortunately
 Often unfortunate for the author, but the whim of fates is
 rarely of importance to the reader.
 Notare che/ note that
 A note by the author to the author. It means that the
 information is important but has not been connected to
 the text. Remove the note and explicitly connect the
 information to the rest of the text.




                                                              34
Lo disse Socrate …
Invoking scientists or researchers often makes your text sound like a caracature
of a 1950's press release. Usually, these words are used to indicate the
importance of an idea.
Original                                 Rewrite
Many scientists have studied             The potential use of PHB as a
PHB, mostly because of its               biodegradable plastic has
potential use as a                       promted numerous studies of its
biodegradable plastic.                   physical properties and its
                                         production and purification.
Such a statement can be interpreted in
two ways, depending on the reader's      The scientists have disappeared, as has
                                         any associated stigma or glory. The
opinion of scientists:                   people who produced the studies can
    Scientists are always right,         tracked down if need be through the
    therefore, PHB is important.         references. And, I've taken the liberty of
                                         structuring the sorts of things that are
    Scientists are full of balony,       known about the substance.
    therefore, PHB is unimportant.
                                                                                      35
Contenuti Parte 2 di 3

 Caratteristiche della Scrittura Tecnica

 Stile

 Tabelle, figure e grafici

 Struttura dei Documenti “Tecnici”




                                           36

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Comunicazione Tecnica 1

  • 1. Claudio G. Casati COMUNICAZIONE TECNICA technical writing Parte 1 di 3 Introduzione alla Scrittura Tecnica, Technical Writer, Strategie per Technical Writing Gennaio 2011 1
  • 2. Contenuti Introduzione alla Scrittura Tecnica Technical Writer Strategie per Technical Writing Praoblemi a livello parole 2
  • 3. Citazione Parte del materiale è tratto dal corso: MIT OpenCourseWare | 21W.783 Science and Engineering Writing for Phase II, Fall 2002 | Prof. Prof. David Custer, course materials for 21W.783 Science and Engineering Writing for Phase II, Fall 2002 MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on 20 October 2003 3
  • 4. Obiettivi del Corso • Identify the key elements of technical writing. • Describe the nature of technical writing. • Identify the characteristics of effective technical writing. • Identify the steps in the writing process. • Identify some tips to help your documents. 4
  • 6. Gestione della Complessità una volta … I romantici sostengono che, una volta, la vita era semplice e buona. Una singola persona, sebbene eccezionale, poteva sapere tutto quello che c'era da sapere; Aristotele e Beda il Venerabile sono esempio di tale intelletto. Per intelletti meno potenti, la complessità veniva gestita attraverso l'apprendistato. Le informazioni venivano trasferite lungo tutto il corso della vita, mentre la pratica e la tradizione rafforzavano l'apprendimento. Un artigiano poteva sapere tutto sul suo mestiere. 6
  • 7. Gestione della Complessità adesso … Ora, dopo duemila anni, la natura delle informazioni è cambiata. La “conoscenza totale” e l’approccio da apprendista alla gestione della complessità non sono più fattibili. Il volume di informazioni rende impossibile per una persona assorbire tutto quello che c'è da sapere . Inoltre, le informazioni cambiano più velocemente di quanto si può apprendere attraverso l'apprendistato. Questi cambiamenti fondamentali hanno forzato lo sviluppo della scrittura tecnica, che permette di accedere, aggiornare e memorizzare grandi masse di informazioni. 7
  • 8. Scrittura Tecnica “Technical Writing è qualsiasi cosa che non si intende sia romanzesca, immaginaria o narrativa” 8
  • 9. Scrittura Tecnica vs. Accademica Caratteristiche Scrittura Accademica Scrittura Tecnica Scopo Dimostrare la Ottenere la realizzazione conoscenza del tema di qualcosa Conoscenza Inferiore al docente Superiore a quella del del tema che deve valutare lettore Pubblico Docente Parecchie persone Criteri per la Profondità, logica, Organizzazione delle idee valutazione chiarezza, unità e chiara e semplice grammatica 9
  • 10. Consider These Statements…. • Looking into the azure blue sky one could see the golden orb of the sun slip gently beneath the western sky. • The sun set in the west. 10
  • 11. Technical Writing_Definizione 1 “Technical writing conveys specific information about a technical subject to a specific audience for a specific purpose …The words and graphics of technical writing are meant to be practical: that is, to communicate a body of factual information that will help an audience understand a subject or carry out a task.” Michael H. Markel Director of Technical Communication Boise State University 11
  • 12. Technical Writing_Definizione 2 Prendere un tema complicato e trasformarlo in una informazione facile-da-comprendere per il lettore/ utente. 12
  • 13. Technical Writer Technical Writing & Technical Writer 13
  • 14. Caratteristiche Technical Writing • Tema Tecnico -- peculiar to or characteristic of a particular art, science, trade, technology, or profession • Problema di Comunicazione -- recognized and accurately defined in the communication context • Comunicatore, scopo, lettori/ uditorio -- once established, these elements are the beginning of a solution to the communication problem 14
  • 15. Output del Technical Writing • Informazioni precise e accurate -- discovering information needed to solve problem through thinking, study, investigation, observation, analysis, experimentation, and measurement • Organizzazione e presentazione delle informazioni -- achieving the writer’s purpose in a clear, useful, purposeful way 15
  • 16. Che cosa producono i Technical Writer? User’s manuals System manuals Step-by-step procedures On-line help Training manuals Quick-reference guides How-to video scripts. I Technical Writers conoscono … i lettori, gli obiettivi, come scrivere con semplicità, direttamente, e in modo conciso. 16
  • 17. Technical Writers_Caratteristiche • Metodico • Organizzato La scrittura tecnica • Obiettivo eccellente trasmette una impressione globale di • Centrato sui lettori autorità, accuratezza, • Onesto completezza, e di lavoro • Critico onesto. • Informato • Risoluto, deciso 17
  • 18. Strategie per Technical Writing Gestione della complessità 18
  • 19. 2 livelli di complessità Nella Comunicazione Tecnica devono essere gestiti due livelli di complessità : • l'idea stessa e • il complesso incastro di parole utilizzato, sulla pagina, per esprimere l'idea. Gestire la complessità delle idee rimarrà una attività dello scrittore, mentre l’esperienza sviluppata nella gestione della complessità del testo è facilmente trasferibili a diversi contesti, lavorando sulla struttura del testo e sui processi che contribuiscono a crearlo. 19
  • 20. Strategie per TW La complessità di gestione della documentazione tecnica richiede strategie di progettazione. Alcune comunemente applicate sono: semplificazione prioritizzazione Iterazione struttura pianificazione astrazione collaborazione 20
  • 21. Semplificazione Like "the force,'' simplification has a light and a dark side. “Light side” -- Sia prioritizzazione, che iterazione, struttura, pianificazione, astrazione, collaborazione, possono essere utilizzate in modo appropriato per semplificare una idea. For example, diverse empirical information can be "simplified'' by abstraction, through the definition of a law or principle. “Dark side” -- The improper use of simplification is to "water down,'' to remove relevant detail from a perfectly good idea just to make the idea easy to express. 21
  • 22. Prioritizzazione, iterazione, … Prioritizzazione -- If the project is large, the most important aspects should be dealt with first. Iterazione -- iteration is important because the drafting process transforms the idea as understood by the author into an idea that can be understood by the reader. Struttura -- For technical documents, structure increases the ease of finding and absorbing information. 22
  • 23. Pianificazione, astrazione, … Pianificazione -- Planning is the definition or organization of structure. Astrazione -- Abstraction is a very effective method of simplification. Collaborazione -- Balance collaboration with efficiency. 23
  • 24. Scrivere è un processo Scrivere bene significa, sia produrre un documento adeguato, sia attivare una serie di azioni con l’obiettivo di produrre documenti conformi alle specifiche. Processi: • pianificazione, • organizzazione, • scrittura, • revisione, • editing, e • riscrittura. 24
  • 25. Scrivere è un processo collaborativo Scrivere migliora con la pratica. • Feedback on this writing produces better writing and better writing habits. Scrivere è una attività collaborativa. • Writing is a collaboration between the writer and the audience. Both expect cooperation from the other. • Without this cooperation, nothing is communicated. • Writing can also be a collaboration among writers working together on a common task. 25
  • 26. Problemi a livello parola Parole vaghe, offensive, … Fonte: spincity.tumblr.com 26
  • 27. C’è, è C’è/ è/there is and it is: These pairs of words often are used to start sentences. They convey neither information nor connections themselves and are thus dead text. Worse, it has the connotation of linking back to a noun; a reader trying to make such a connection will be confused. Recast sentences that start with these pairs. Frase originale Frase riscritta It is possible to achieve Maximum velocity can be maximum velocity within achieved within five seconds. five seconds. There is an immense We have to do an immense amount of work that we amount of work. have to do. 27
  • 28. Molto/ Moltissimo/A lot Molto/ Moltissimo/A lot -- A lot means a lot to the author, but not much to the reader. Be specific about the quantity. Frase originale Frase riscritta A lot of dentists recommend Four out of five dentists sugarless gum. recommend sugarless gum. Suddetto/ Succitato/ aforementioned -- The reader won't know which idea to associate with these constructs: qualify and recap the idea for the reader. 28
  • 29. Surprise transition words Transition words are often a surprise to the reader. The author understands the connection and indeed puts in a logically correct transition word. Unfortunately, the logic and connection come too late for the reader. The most common offending words are thus, therefore, and however. Original Rewrite Immunoprecipitation is a powerful technique because Because the specificity of the the specificity of the immuno- immunoglobulin for its ligand is globulin for its ligand is high. high, immunoprecipitation Thus, it allows detection and allows detection and possible quantification of a target possible quantification of a antigen in a mixture of proteins. target antigen in a mixture of proteins. The original is difficult to understand because its structure is not clear from the start. The information about immunoprecipitation is true enough, but the reader doesn't know what to do with the information. The "thus" comes as a surprise. The reader needs to backtrack and remember the previous idea. 29
  • 30. Parole vaghe involve, deal with, and discuss These words are vague. Provide more detail; be specific. I see involve used in resumes and cover letters to very poor effect. Original Rewrite I was involved in research on I constructed the current high temperature oxygen probes, measured the frequency conductivity. I was involved in response of thin film samples, research on high temperature and analyzed data for high oxygen conductivity. temperature oxygen conductivity experiments. Without additional elaboration, the original sentence could mean that the author provided the researchers with pizza. 30
  • 31. ESL (English as a Second Language) ESL/ ESL (English as a Second Language ) – Problemi a livello parola: subject-verb match determiners prepositions infinitives Get a native speaker to proof read your text. In the absence of a native speaker, devote a proofreading to these trouble spots. 31
  • 32. Problemi a Livello Parola 2/3 • Suddetto/ Succitato/ aforementioned -- The reader won't know which idea to associate with these constructs: qualify and recap the idea for the reader. • ESL/ ESL (English as a Second Language ) -- Get a native speaker to proof read your text. In the absence of a native speaker, devote a proofreading to these trouble spots. • Coinvolgere/Affrontare/ Discutere/ Involve, deal with, and discuss – Parole vaghe: dettagliare, specificare. Frase originale Frase riscritta I was involved in research I constructed the current probes, measured on high temperature the frequency response of thin film samples, oxygen conductivity. and analyzed data for high temperature oxygen conductivity experiments. 32
  • 33. Ovviamente/Obviously In rough drafts obvious is an important flag to the writer; it means the idea is vitally important and care must be taken to make that idea obvious to the reader. A reader can think three things when reading the word obviously: It is obvious, so why is it mentioned. It is not obvious; the author is stupid. It is not obvious; the reader is stupid. Because none of these modes of thought are productive, obviously should be ruthlessly eliminated from final drafts. 33
  • 34. Sfortunatamente, … Purtroppo/ Sfortunatamente/ unfortunately Often unfortunate for the author, but the whim of fates is rarely of importance to the reader. Notare che/ note that A note by the author to the author. It means that the information is important but has not been connected to the text. Remove the note and explicitly connect the information to the rest of the text. 34
  • 35. Lo disse Socrate … Invoking scientists or researchers often makes your text sound like a caracature of a 1950's press release. Usually, these words are used to indicate the importance of an idea. Original Rewrite Many scientists have studied The potential use of PHB as a PHB, mostly because of its biodegradable plastic has potential use as a promted numerous studies of its biodegradable plastic. physical properties and its production and purification. Such a statement can be interpreted in two ways, depending on the reader's The scientists have disappeared, as has any associated stigma or glory. The opinion of scientists: people who produced the studies can Scientists are always right, tracked down if need be through the therefore, PHB is important. references. And, I've taken the liberty of structuring the sorts of things that are Scientists are full of balony, known about the substance. therefore, PHB is unimportant. 35
  • 36. Contenuti Parte 2 di 3 Caratteristiche della Scrittura Tecnica Stile Tabelle, figure e grafici Struttura dei Documenti “Tecnici” 36