1. Seminar on Sociological
Bases for Education
By
Tilarupa Bhattarai
M. Sc. Nursing, 1st Year
Supervisor
Ms. Sunita Shah
Assistant Professor
College of Nursing, BPKIHS

3. Content
 Introduction of Sociology
 Educational Sociology
 Important Contribution of Educational Sociology in Education
 Impact of Social Change in Education
 Factors Responsible for Social Change
 Technological Factors
 Urbanization
 Population Growth
 Religion
 Political Factor
 Economic Factor
 Role of Education in Relation to Social Change
 Relationship between Educational Institute & Society
 Summary
 Reference

4. Sociological Bases for Education
 Auguste Comte (1778-1857) from France was the Father of
Sociology
 Sociology is derived from the Greek word socius meaning
society and Latin word logus meaning study
 Literally, sociology means study about society.
 Comte was followed by Herbert Spencer (English
Philosopher), He had written a book ‘Principles of Sociology’
and who believed individual like a cell and society as an
organism.

5. Definition of Sociology
According to F. G. Wright, “It is not a group of people;
it is the system of relationship, in which the
associating individuals are bound together.”
Sociology is the study of social interrelationship. It
studies
 -Human behavior in groups
 -Social structure and social phenomena
 - Different forms of human relations

6. Branches of specialization
 Criminal Sociology  Medical Sociology
 Educational sociology  Occupational sociology
 Industrial Sociology  Rural & Urban Sociology

7. Educational Sociology
 Sociology plays important roles in educational issues.
 It has led to the emergence of sociology of education or
educational sociology.
 George Payne (USA) was the Father of Educational Sociology.
 He says, “Educational Sociology is the science which describes
and explains institutions, groups and social process in relation to
the educational system in its evolution and changing functions”.

8.  According to Ottaway, “ Educational Sociology starts
with the assumption that education is an activity which
goes on in the society, and it aims and methods
depends on the nature of the society in which it takes
place.”
 Brown says that, “Educational Sociology is the study
of interaction of the individual and his/ her cultural
environment including other individuals, social groups
and pattern of behaviors.”

9. Important contribution of
Educational Sociology in Education
 Technical:- To determine the functions of educational
institutions and to suggest necessary improvements.
 Introductory: - Acquaint the people with the nature of
education system and its processes and also indicates
the directions which it should follow.
 Informative:- Problems of the society and provides
guidelines to education to solve them.

10.  Cultural:- To develop a cosmopolitan outlook,
universal brotherhood and tolerance towards other
societies and outlines the role of education in this
task.
 Democratic:- Help in understanding the democratic
structure and developing democratic skills and values
in the students as well in the masses.

11. Sociological Basis and Aims of Education
 Development of social feelings and qualities.
 Development of socially efficient individual.
 Improvement of vocational efficiency.
 Use of leisure time and development of healthy
recreational pursuits.

12. Sociological Basis and Aims of Education
Contd…
 Transmission of social heritage.
 Diffusion of more and more knowledge.
 Development of constructive and creative outlook of
the individual.
 Education for the social services, social efficiency,
emotional integration, national unity, patriotism

13. Sociological Basis and Curriculum
 Based on conditions, problems and needs of the society.
 An agent for transmission of basic values of culture.
 Prepare the child for global/ world society.
 Flexible and changeable for the effective realization of
socially determined objectives.
 Lead to the development of genuine ‘we’ feeling, i.e. of a
group having a spirit of social interaction

14. Sociological Basis and Methods of the teaching
 Specialized technique, project and group methods
 Problem Based Learning

Enable child to acquire skills and knowledge
needed.
 Develop a capacity for social adjustment.
 Develop problem solving and constructive
thinking.

15. Sociological Basis : Role of Teacher
 Destiny of the nation is shaped in class room by the teachers.
 Be exposed to the concept of freedom, dignity of the
individual, rights and duties so as to transmit the same to the
younger generation.
 Educational sociologists consider teacher as a social engineer
working for social reconstruction.
 Expected to possess the right attitude of the social behaviour.
 Remain above casteism, regionalisms etc.

16. Sociological Basis : School and Discipline
The School:-
 Reflect and epitomize the larger society outside its walls.
 Balance, purify and simplify the activities and social
service activities.
Discipline:-
 Should come through participation in group activities
and social service activities.

17. Social Change & Education: Introduction
 Change is the law of nature.
 ‘Time and the world do not stand still. Change is the
way of life and those who look only to the past or the
present are certain to miss the future.’
John F. Kennedy
 Change may be in the form of replacement of old by
or modification of old to adjust in the new setting.

18. Social Change: Definition
 Davis has defined Social Change as “ Alteration as
occur in social organization that is the structure or the
function of the society.”
 “Social change is the variation in the accepted modes
of life, whether due to alterations in geographical
conditions in cultural equipment, composition of the
population or ideologies and whether brought about
by diffusion or invention with in the group.”

19. From these definitions, we can explain social change as
briefly in the following words:
 Social change is a modification in any aspect of social
process.
 Social change occurs in certain geographical
environment.
 It takes place in cultural order.
 It takes place in biological level.
 It takes place in ideological plane.
 Social change occurs in the structure and function of the
society

20. Nature of Social Change:-
 Social change is universal.  It results from the
interaction of number of
factors like: culture,
 Social change occurs in the
life of entire community. population, environment,
psychological,
technological,
 Nature and speed of change communication etc.
depends upon time factor
also.  Change is due to
modification or
 Definite prediction of social replacement.
change is not possible.
 Change is essential.

21. Theory of Social Change
1. Karl Marx and the capitalist society
 Cause of change is conflict between the have and have-
not, oppressor and oppressed
 Driving force for change is the nature and means of
production
 Adjustments in the system of production adjust the
problem.
2. Max Weber Theory
 Max Weber, a fellow German emphasize the values,
beliefs and social structure as important component of
change

22. Factors Responsible for Socio-cultural Change
1. Technological Factor
2. Urbanization
3. Population Growth
4. Religion
5. Political Factor
6. Economic Factor

23. 1. Technological Factor
 Technology is the systematic knowledge which
facilitates the use of machine or tools.
 Technology is constantly developing and with its
development the society is constantly changing.
 Technological change is a term that is used to describe
the overall process of invention, innovation and
diffusion of technology or processes.

24. Transmission of Technological Change
Diffusion
Innovation
In essence, TC is the invention of a technology
Invention (or a process), the continuous process of
improving a technology (in which it often
becomes cheaper) and its diffusion throughout
industry or society

25. The main technological factors in social change are:
 Introduction of machine in industry
 Development of means of communication like: oral,
written, telegraph, telegram, e mail, internet,
television, radio etc.
 Developments of means of transport.
 Development of new agricultural technique

26.  According to Ogburn, technology changes our material
environment. The explicit effects of technical
advancement are labour organization, division of
labour, specialization, high speed of life etc.
 The technological advancement has brought
tremendous change in education by bringing several
methods and modes of teaching and learning for eg.
Distance education, e. net education, video conference
etc.

27. 2. Urbanization
 Industrialization and birth of gigantic factories led to urbanization
and big cities came into existence. So urbanization is the
consequences of the industrialization.
 The process of urbanization may follow the several ways. Some
of them are
 Shift away from dispersed rural populations to
concentrated, urban society
 Shift away from organization based upon personality,
personal ties to one on position, qualification for position
 Shift from hand-crafted products to assembly line mass
- production, constantly rising level of living, use of modern
technology and means of transportation.

28. Urbanization Contd..
Social influences of urbanization :-
 Decline in the feeling of sociality
 Decline in social control
 Decline in the influence of religion
 Change in the institution of marriage.
 Change in the institution of family.
 Change in the condition of the women.
 Commercialized entertainment.
 Housing shortage
 Growth of the slum.

29. The economic consequences of urbanization
 Growth of capitalism
 Growth of trade.
 Division of labour and specialization.
 Rise in standard of living.
 Economic crisis and unemployment.
 Class conflict.
 Decline of rural industries.

30. 3. Population Growth
 Changes in the size of the population of a given area
or society has some important consequences.
 Rapid growth of the population pressure upon the
resources (social and natural) needed to support the
population.
 Distribution will also pressure resources, particularly
if the population is located where the resources are
not.
 Change occurs from an increase in the population or
human migration between the areas

31. Population Growth Contd…
There is rapid population growth in Nepal in 1990s. The
causes of rapid population growth are:
 Illiteracy
 Agriculture based economy.
 Faith in large family.
 Cultural taboos.
 Preference of son
 Security for old age.
 Ignorance
 Fatalism

32. Elements of population change
P2 = P1 + (B - D) + (IM - OM)
 P1: The initial population size, how large is the population at the
beginning of the time period. (the time period can be of almost
any duration -- one, five or ten years)
 P2: this is the population size after some period of time or the
population size at time 2.
 B: the number of births between time 1 and time 2 (the time
period of interest).
 D: the number deaths over the time period.
 IM: the number of in migrants in the time period
 OM: the number of out-migrants in the time period.

33. A steep rise in population in any country can give rise to
many social problems. In social change, the population
growth has the following effects
 Increase in poverty
 Famine
 Fall in living standard
 Decline in health environment
 Distribution of agricultural land holding
 Personal disintegration
 Marital disintegration
 Social disintegration

34. Decreased
Educational
Privatization
Quality
Commercialization
Population Schools,
Growth Students
Increased Increased Increased
Job School Educational
Opportunity Drop-out Migration
Population Growth & Effect in Education

35. 4. Religion
 High preference to son and son’s education in Hindu
religion. Gurukul System of providing education.
 According to Muslim religion, every child ought to study
Kuran, they study namaj. Special school, Madarsas to
educate the muslim children.
 All the values, beliefs we learn can be influenced by
religion.
 In Cristian religion, praying god while getting and
imparting education is an important ritual.

36.  The Gumba, provides education to the monk and nun
regarding the philosophy of Buddhism.
 Nowadays, such religious institutions are becoming
weaker
 What a belief or value a person develops is
influenced by his/her religion also.

37. 5. Political Factors
 Example of our own experience. The rate of social change is
quite heightened after the dissolution of uniparty Panchayat
system and beginning of democracy in 1990 in Nepal.
 The policy taken by the government in liberalization of press,
communication media, flow of market etc affect the social
change very much.
 The education policy adopted by the country also affected by
political factor. For example, for any socialist country, health
education and other facilities are the responsibilities of state.
But, in a capitalist country, such services are provided by private
agencies and there would be marketization.

38.  The national budget assigned for education,
approaches adopted to develop educational sectors,
policy of facilitating students and teacher is also
influencing the education of society.

39. 6. Economic Factor
 Economic factor is not the only but a major factor of human
development and social change.
 What type of education a child is receiving is dependent on the
economy of that family.
 Another aspect of economic impact on education is reflected in
the remark of some left leaders regarding today’s education
system as bourgeoisie education, that is of capitalist that are of
usually middle caste.
 In several public speaking, they demand the reform toward the
proletariat education especially focused for the working group,
waged worker and economically poor.

41.  These five factors are not independent of one another.
 Disease contributes to ignorance and apathy.
Dishonesty contributes to disease and dependency.
And so on.
 They each contribute to each other. Later on, all these
contribute to social change.
 In any social change process, we are encouraged to
"think globally, act locally."
 The Big Five factors of poverty appear to be
widespread and deeply embedded in cultural values
and practices

42. Role of Education in Relation to Social
Change
 Emile Durkheim rejected the idea that education could be
the force to transform society and resolve social ills.
Instead, Durkheim concluded that education “can be
reformed only if society itself is reformed.” He argued that
education “is only the image and reflection of society. It
imitates and reproduces the latter…it does not create it”
(Durkheim).
 People change their old pattern and behaviour by social
process. People get knowledge for the social adjustment.

43.  According to Marx and Friedrich Engels education
should be for the transformation of society, the
abolition of capitalist society, the movement towards
socialism and the nurturing of communism. In this
sense, ‘education for social change’ is thoroughly
anti-capitalist education, infused with the values of
equality, co-operation and social progress.
 In fact, all the factor of social change are directly and
indirectly related to education, education has great
influence in social change.

44. Relationship between the educational institute
and Society
 Preservation of culture: School provides cultural identity to the
student, so that they feel proud of their own culture and their
will be lesser chance of blind imitation of another culture.
 Transmission of culture: As there are various students with
various cultural backgrounds, there is greater chance of
cultural diffusion and transmission.
 Creation of knowledge: - The direct aim of the educational
institute is to impart knowledge to the students, It returns
knowledgeable and skilled members to the society.

45.  Socialization of the young: - School is the second
step for the socialization of the young, it teaches the
various aspects of life.
 Means of social Control: In school, students learn
own norms, value, culture, law, ethics which are the
means of social control. The educated people are
more likely to follow social compliance.

46. Importance of Education for Social Change
 Democracy is the platform where the social changes
flourish; education is the main precursor of the
democracy.
 Education helps bring the readiness among the social
member for change. Educated people are more flexible
for change as compared to uneducated people.
 One of the Indian scholars has said that an educated
father can change himself only but an educated mother
can change her whole family.

47.  Education of the backward and marginalized population helps
them to come out from their world of superstition and their
outlook will be broadened.
 Education at any level (primary, secondary, university) at any
form (formal, nonformal, informal) can change the society.
 The schools and colleges help to change the society without
damaging the cultural heritage of mankind both material and
non material.
 Education is not obtained only through school; it can be
obtained through movies, the radio, television, theatre etc.
Such media exerts pressure to bring about change in society.

48.  We have eyes for general vision by nature, vision for
knowledge and wisdom through education. It broadens
the horizon of individual thinking and perception, so
education help to maintain justice and moral
upliftment.
 Students are the vehicle for the social change, while
educating a child we indirectly educate his/her family,
his/her peers, his/her community too.
 The teachers are also significant change agent in
society, teacher can stand as a role model for social
change

49.  Some great teachers who have worked a lot for social
change are: Jay Prithvi Bdr Singh, Montessori, Froebal,
Dayananda, Rousseau, Gandhi, Tagore, Abdul Kayam
etc.
 Education focused for the disadvantaged (girls, dalit,
poor, disabled, ethnic minor, language minor) can bring
the social change.
 Special education for the social delinquent can bring
social reform.
 Education is needed for the national integration.
 Education is required for the international
understanding.

50. Conclusion
 Education takes place in society.
 Education is essentially a social process.
 Social environment educate the child.
 Education has special role to play for social reform.
 Besides school, there are many educational institutions.
 Economic and political factors of society play a dominant role in
educational reforms.
 Education must be social in nature and develop democratic skills
and values in students
 Social change together with educational aspect is influenced by
urbanization, industrialization, population growth, religion,
political and economic factors.

51. Reference
 Singh. S.K., Sociological Bases of Education, Lovely Institute
of Education, Lovely University, Panjab, 2009.
 Gautam, T.K. Sociology and Anthropology, Vidhyarthi
Prakashan, Kathmandu, 2006.
 Bhatiya & Bhatiya, The Principle and Methods of
Teaching,Doaba House, Nai Sarak, delhi, 1992.
 Basavanthappa BT, Nursing Education, Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2nd Edition, 2009.
 Neeraja. K.P. Text Book of Nursing Education, Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, First Edition, 2003.