The document discusses several key contributions and aspects of ancient Greek civilization, which formed the foundations of Western civilization. It outlines Greece's geography and how it led to independent city-states. It then describes the two major periods of ancient Greek history - the Hellenic period which saw the rise of democracy, philosophy, and the arts, and the Hellenistic period during which Greek culture spread following Alexander the Great's conquests. Key city-states like Athens and Sparta are also highlighted for their differing political systems and roles in ancient Greek society.
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