3. Layers of Organizational Culture Cultural Values Shared Assumptions Shared Behaviors Cultural Symbols

8. Organizational Rites and Ceremonies Rites of passage TYPE Basic training, U.S. Army Facilitate transition into new roles; minimize differences in way roles are carried out Reduce power and identity; reaffirm proper behavior Enhance power and identity; emphasize value of proper behavior Encourage common feelings that bind members together EXAMPLE POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES Firing a manager Mary Kay Cosmetics Company ceremonies Office party Rites of degradation Rites of enhancement Rites of integration Source: Adapted from Trice, H. M., and Beyer, J. M. The Cultures of Work Organizations . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1993, 111.

10. Framework of Types of Cultures Formal Control Orientation Forms of Attention Flexible Stable Internal External Clan Culture Bureaucratic Culture Market Culture Entrepreneurial Culture Source: Adapted from Hooijberg, R., and Petrock, F. On cultural change: Using the competing values framework to help leaders execute a transformational strategy. Human Resource Management , 1993, 32, 29-50; Quinn, R. E. Beyond Rational Management: Mastering the Paradoxes and Competing Demands of High Performance . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988.

26. Steps in Socialization 1. Careful selection 2. Challenging early work assignments 3. Training to develop capabilities consistent with culture 4. Rewards that sustain the culture 5. Adoption of cultural value policies 6. Rituals, taboos, rites, and stories to reinforce culture 7. Role model to sustain culture Removal of employees who deviate from culture Removal of candidates who do not “fit” culture