Unit 4 Pre Release

[object Object],[object Object]

Explore the types and levels of challenge posed by varying forms of tectonic activity. Explore, meaning the background concepts, processes, theories and models involved where relevant. Models Theories Processes Concepts

Research contrasting locations to draw out the range of tectonic activity and the different impacts produced on communities. Research, meaning the geographical places, case studies and examples illustrating these.

[object Object],3.1 The reasons why people live in tectonically active areas and how this might relate to the level of economic development. 3.2 The range of hazards associated with different types of tectonic activity. Research contrasting locations to draw out the range of tectonic activity and the different impacts produced on communities. 3.3 The specific impacts of a range of tectonic hazards at a range of scales and at locations in countries at different stages of development. 4.1 The varying approaches of individuals and governments to coping with tectonic hazards in countries at different stages of development. 1.1 Tectonic hazards and disasters and what makes tectonic activity hazardous. There is a range of tectonic hazards associated with both volcanoes (lava, pyroclastics, ash, lahars, etc) and earthquakes (ground shaking, displacement, liquefaction, tsunamis, etc). 3.4 Trends in frequency and impact over time. Tectonic Hazards 1.2 Event profile of hazards, including frequency, magnitude, duration and areal extent. 4.2 Specific strategies involved in adjustment: modifying loss burden, modifying the event and modifying human vulnerability; and the range of approaches and strategies used in locations at different stages of development.

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

1.1 Tectonic activity and causes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Dregg disaster model

1.2 Event profiles ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Tectonic settings and plates ,[object Object],[object Object]

The range of volcanic hazards ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Magma generation ,[object Object],[object Object],Magma type Generation Tectonic setting Hazards Basaltic Low silica, low gas, low viscosity. Dry partial melting of upper mantle Oceanic Hot spot (Hawaii) Constructive (Iceland) Lava flow Andesitic Intermediate Wet partial melting of subducting plates Destructive plate margin (Andes) Island arc margin (Montserrat) Lava flow, ash and tephra, pyroclastic flow, lahar, gas emission Rhyolitic High silica, high gas, high viscosity. In situ melting of lower continental crust (very rare eruptions) Continental Hot spot (Yellowstone) Continent collision zone (Himalayas) Cataclysmic explosion, pyroclastic flow

Measuring volcanic explosivity: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Earthquakes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Tsunami ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

3. Tectonic hazards human impacts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Impacts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],(South Asian) Earthquake October 2005, Kashmir (Wenchuan) Earthquake May 2008, Sichuan, China Details Magnitude 7.6 . Huge number of landslides accounting for 30%+ of deaths Magnitude 8.0 . Thrust fault at continent continent convergence Fault displacement Largely horizontal displacement of up to 10m Up to 5m vertically and 4m horizontally at the surface Focus depth 10 km 19 km Aftershocks 900+ over magnitude 4.0 250+ aftershocks over magnitude 4.0 Deaths 80,000 70,000 People affected 8 million 3-4 million homeless 15-30 million 5 million homeless Injuries 200,000+ 380,000 Damage estimate US$5 billion US$150 billion Buildings Around 1 million damaged/ destroyed / severely damaged Over 2 million damaged 200,000+ buildings destroyed

Developed versus developing world ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Death Toll Event Location Date 5,115 Mount Kelut eruption Indonesia 1991 23,000 Nevado del Ruiz eruption Colombia 1985 25,000 Spitak Earthquake Armenia 1988 30,000 Bam earthquake Iran 2003 35,000 Manjil Rudbar earthquake Iran 1990 36,000 Krakatoa eruption tsunami Indonesia 1883 66,000 Ancash earthquake Peru 1970 69,197 Sichuan earthquake China 2008 86,000 Kashmir earthquake Pakistan 2005 100,000 Tsunami Messina, Italy 1908 105,000 Great Kanto earthquake Japan 1923 230,000 Indian Ocean tsunami Indian Ocean 2004 245,000 Tangshan earthquake China 1976

Impacts over time ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

4. Response to tectonic hazards ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Hazard modification ,[object Object],Modify the event ( hazard mitigation ) Modify human vulnerability Modify the loss Tsunami Coastal defences and engineering ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Loss modification involves immediate rescue efforts, followed by relief efforts which focus on food, shelter, water and sanitation. Insurance can help recovery. Long term reconstruction is needed. Earthquakes Not possible ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Volcanoes Lava diversion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Unit 4 Pre Release

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

La actualidad más candente (20)

Destacado

Destacado (20)

Similar a Unit 4 Pre Release

Similar a Unit 4 Pre Release (20)

Más de total

Más de total (20)

Último

Último (20)

Unit 4 Pre Release