2. JOINTS
A joint can be defined as follows:
A joint or place of articulation is formed where 2 or more
bones come in close contact in the body and are attached
to each other by ligaments or cartilage.

3. TYPES OF JOINTS: FIBROUS
Fibrous (or Immovable)
Joints.
Held together by a thin
layer of strong
connective tissue.
No movement between the
bones.
Sutures of the skull, teeth
in their sockets.

4. TYPES OF JOINTS: CARTILAGENOUS
Cartilagenous Joints.
The articular surfaces of the
bones forming the joints are
attached to each other by
white fibro-cartilaginous
discs
Limited degree of movement.
Vertebral discs, the pubic
symphysis.

5. TYPES OF JOINTS: SYNOVIAL
Freely movable joints.
The ends of the bones are
covered with a layer of
smooth hyaline cartilage.
Enclosed by a bag-like capsular
ligament which holds the
joint together and contains
the synovial fluid.

6. TYPES OF JOINTS: SYNOVIAL
Lined with a Synovial
membrane. This membrane
secretes synovial fluid. The
synovial fluid lubricates the
joint.
The bones are also attached by
ligaments. They prevent
dislocation during normal
movement.

7. CARTILAGE
Is a tough, generally smooth
fibrous connective tissue
found at the end of
bones and between
joints.
It protects bones by helping
to absorb the impacts
experienced during
movement and physical
activity

8. LIGAMENTS
A strong, fibrous
band of
connective
tissue that
holds
together two
or more
moveable
bones or
cartilage.
“Connects bone
to bone”

9. TENDONS
Are very strong and
inflexible connective
tissue that allow
movement to occur
by helping muscles
pull on bones.
“Tendons connect
muscles to bones”

11. BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINTS.
These joints are
formed where the
rounded head of
one bone fits into
the hollow, cupshaped socket of
another bone.
Freedom of
movement in all
directions.
Hip, shoulder.

12. HINGE JOINTS.
Movement is
possible in one
plane only.
Knee and the
Elbow joints.
Hinge joints have
ligaments mainly
at the sides of
the joints.

13. GLIDING JOINTS.
Allow for gliding
movements
between flat
surfaces as they
slide over one
another.
Only a limited
amount of
movement is
allowed
The joints between
the carpal bones,
the joints between
the tarsal bones

14. PIVOT JOINTS.
These joints occur where:
a bony ring rotates round the
pivot (axis) of another bone
such as the ring-like atlas
rotating around the
odontoid process of the
axis, allowing the head to
turn from side to side.
The end of one bone rotates
round the axis of another
bone such as the end of the
radius rotating around the
ulna as the palm of the
hand is turned inwards or
outwards.

15. SADDLE JOINTS
Two saddle-like
structures allowing
backwards,
forwards and
sideways
movements.
Thumb (between
carpals and
metacarpals)
Ankle (between fibula,
tibia and tarsals)

16. CONDYLOID JOINT
Oval shaped head of
bone in a shallow
cavity, allowing
backwards,
forwards and
sideways
movement
Wrist (between radius
and ulna and
carpals)