Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
LODE Linking Open Descriptions of Events
1. LODE: Linking Open
Descriptions of Events
Ryan Shaw <ryanshaw@ischool.berkeley.edu>
Raphaël Troncy <raphael.troncy@eurecom.fr>
Lynda Hardman <lynda.hardman@cwi.nl>
2. We have directory of events...
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13. We have knowledge about “many things”...
16/09/2009
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15. Event-based centric interfaces
Action or occurrence taking place at a certain
time at a specific location
Useful for organizing and browsing collections of media
Useful for discovering complex relationships between
data
Need for an expressive event model for
connecting pieces of data
Not Yet Another Model!
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16. There are already many event ontologies
Event Model Ontology URL
CIDOC CRM http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/OWL/cidoc_v4.2.owl
ABC Ontology http://metadata.net/harmony/ABC/ABC.owl
Event Ontology http://purl.org/NET/c4dm/event.owl#
EventsML-G2 http://www.iptc.org/EventsML/
Dolce+DnS Ultralite http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DUL.owl
F http://events.semantic-
multimedia.org/ontology/2008/12/15/model.owl
OpenCyc Ontology http://www.opencyc.org/
SEM http://semanticweb.cs.vu.nl/2009/04/event/
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17. Fundamental Types of Events
Aspect: ongoing activity vs transition between states
cyc:Event ∩ cyc:StaticSituation ≤ cyc:Situation
cidoc:E5.Event ∩ cidoc:E3.Condition_State ≤ cidco:E2.Temporal_Entity
abc:Event is a transition between abc:Situation ≈ cidoc:E3.Condition_State
Agentivity: who has produced the event?
cyc:Action, dul:Action ≤ Event
E7.Activity ≤ E5.Event
abc:Action ∩ abc:Event = Ø
Events are fully described as a set of actions taken by specific agents
Issue for modeling e.g. earthquakes
Interpretation matters!
Identifiable changes or not? Agency can be assigned?
dul:Situation describe dul:Event
dul:Action, dul:Process ≤ dul:Event
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18. Events and Temporal Intervals
Relating events to chronological spans of time
Persistent, socially attributed meanings
Arbitrary system for subdividing an abstract space
Modeling a class for temporal intervals and use an OP
ABC, CIDOC, EO (owl:TemporalEntity)
Modeling a XML Schema typed value and use a DP
Pro: simplicity, values expressed as xsd:date or xsd:dateTime
Cons: inability to express uncertain period or when there is no
coincidence with date units
Having two properties
dul:hasEventDate ... litteral value
dul:isObservableAt ... dul:TimeInterval
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19. Events, Spaces and Places
Relating events to places
Semantically significant places
Abstract spatial regions
Support spatial regions only: ABC, CIDOC, EO
eo:Event eo:place wgs84:SpatialThing
cidoc:E5.Event cidoc:P7.took_place_at cidoc:E53.Place
Support the place/space distinction
dul:Event dul:hasLocation dul:Place
dul:Event dul:hasRegion dul:SpaceRegion
Most flexible approach: allow to resolve to places with no
geographical coordinate systems (e.g. mythical events, SecondLife)
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20. Participation in events
Object involvement in events:
Simple involvement in event:
abc:Event abc:involves owl:Thing (≤ abc:Actuality)
cidoc:E5.Event cidoc:P12.occurred_in_the_presence_of cidoc:E77
dul:Event dul:hasParticipant dul:Object
eo:Event eo:factor owl:Thing
Tangible thing which results from an event:
abc:Event abc:hasResult owl:Thing
eo:Event eo:product owl:Thing
Agent participation in events:
abc:hasParticipant ≤ abc:hasPresence
cidoc:P11.had_participant ≤ cidoc:P14.carried_out_by
dul:involvesAgent ≤ abc:hasParticipant
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21. Events, Influence, Purpose and Causality
Making broad assertions linking events to any thing
cidoc:P12.occurred_in_the_presence_of, cidoc:P15.was_influenced_by
eo:factor, abc:hasResult
F model uses the DnS pattern
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22. Events, Parts and Composition
Event A being part of event B ≠
A's timespan ϵ B's timespan
cidoc:P86.falls_within for expressing containment among timespans
cidoc:P9.consist_of ≈ eo:sub_event ≈ abc:isSubEventOf
Linking sub-events with parthood
dul:hasPart
The 20th century contains the year 1923
World War II included Pearl Harbour
Linking sub-events with composition
dul:hasConstituent
The French revolution is composed of the Bastille catch
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23. Towards a Linked Data Event Model
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24. Some mappings in LODE
ABC CIDOC DUL EO LODE
atTime P4.has_time_span isObservableAt time atTime
P7.took_place_at place inSpace
inPlace hasLocation atPlace
involves P12.occurred_in_the_ hasParticipant factor involved
presence_of
hasPresence P11.had_participant involvesAgent agent involvedAgent
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26. Applications 1/2
Extracting events from Wikipedia Timelines
Timeline of World War II
7 years specific timelines involving people at days granularity
Timeline of Irish History
Single geographical location spread of wide temporal range
Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks
147 fine-grained events from a single day
Timeline of evolution
Very coarse-grained events associated with times far in the past
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27. Applications 2/2
Interoperability with Legacy Event Collections
Congressional Biographies:
Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
Series of statements for every member of the United State
legislature from 1774 to the present
69,228 events represented with the BIO vocabulary
The Emma Goldman Chronology:
Day to day activity of her assistants ...
From 1910 to 1916
Parsing dates, geo-coding place names,
linking person names with DBpedia
Generating 1041 events
modeled with the EO vocabulary
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29. Conclusion and Future Work
Events are core in our thoughts and useful for
describing History, exploring archival records, structuring our lives
LODE: Linking Open Descriptions of Events
a set of mappings between event data models
http://linkedevents.org/ontology/
Event directory providing stable URI for events
Challenges:
Event description vs event interpretation
Event identification:
how to map multiple textual description to the same event identifier?
events are linguistic phenomena rather than objectively existing
... but we want two descriptions of past occurrences are the same event
Publish linked descriptions of large repositories of upcoming events
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Linked data cloud is not knowledge engineering – it is just a bunch of identified and linked concepts. Particular relevance to Petamedia: musicbrainz, bbc totp (top left) http://musicbrainz.org/
FAST: need to align different current event models
FAST: currently have a “Linked Data” event model.
which means we can also explore events. But these interfaces are not event specific. We want to develop event-centric interfaces. We don’t know what these are yet. This would be one of the goals of the IRP.