Más contenido relacionado La actualidad más candente (20) Similar a Dr. Don Giesting - Feeding options to fit pig health (20) Dr. Don Giesting - Feeding options to fit pig health2. A short journey
• Pre-weaning – what can we do to wean more, bigger pigs
ready to grow after weaning?
• Post-weaning – what can we do to optimize performance
of the pigs we have?
– Management
– Nutrition
• Future opportunities
2
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3. The pig feeding challenge
• More and more pigs are born per sow:
– Lower birth weight
– More small pigs
– More low viability pigs
• More pig have to share colostrum and milk
• More pigs are weaned (at young age)
– Lower weaning weights
– More small pigs are weaned
• Health challenges
– Virus infections suppress immunity (PRRS/Circo)
– Bacterial infections reduce performance
Raising healthy pigs is a real challenge!
3
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4. To prepare pigs for life away from the sow,
they need to be able feed themselves.
• Creep Feeding is the practical opportunity we have to
prepare pigs before weaning
(This may not be a practical way to deliver the creep feed)
4
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5. Effect of litter size and creep feed on
weaning weight
No creep feed
Weaning weight (lbs/pig) .
21.0
With creep feed
19.0
17.0
15.0
13.0
11.0
9.0
7.0
5.0
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Litter size (no. pigs)
The larger the litter, the more critical creep feeding is to weaning weight
Source: Kavanagh, 1995
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5
6. The importance of creep feeding on
post-weaning performance (4-week weaning)
55.0
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
48.1
49.4
53.4
50.7
25.1
23.6
6.8
7.1
8.2
8.4
17.9
18.7
18.7
19.8
0.67
Weight (lbs)
23.4
23.8
.67-1.1
1.1-1.5
>1.5
Prestarter intake before weaning (lbs/pig)
at Wng
12 d PstWng
33 d PstWng
Source: CAN GIC NL
6
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7. Effect of varying creep feed duration on preweaning and post-weaning performance
(Yan et al., 2011, AAJAS)
• 21 day weaning age
• Duration of creep feeding: 6, 11 and 16 days
• Creep feed
– 24% Lactose
– 4% SD Porcine Plasma
– 6% Isolated Soy Protein
– 10% Fermented SBM
7
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8. Effect of varying creep feed duration on preweaning and post-weaning performance
Days creep feeding
16
11
6
0
Day 0-21; pre-wng
.46
.46
.43
.44
D 21-28;
wk 1 post-wng
.50
.46
.43
.43
Diarrhea score, 7d
post-wng
4.25b
4.75b
6.20ab
9.80a
Estrus interval, days
4.50b
4.50b
5.00a
5.30a
Back fat loss, mm
0.23
0.18
0.57
0.38
Epinephrine, pg/ml
14.1b
22.1ab
33.0a
34.2a
Norepinephrine, pg/ml
101b
159ab
171ab
190a
Cortisol, Ug/dl
2.78b
2.84b
4.16a
4.28a
ADG, lbs/pig
Sows
Source: Yan et al., 2011
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9. Consider a special creep feed; not standard
starter feed
• Piglets enzyme systems are not well developed limiting digestion of
most standard starter feed at young age
– Lower protein reduces fermentation in hind gut
– Simple or processed carbohydrates including lactose
– Limited supplemental fat
– Highly palatable
• Good pellet or crumble
• No medication:
– Antibiotics may reduce palatability and lower feed intake
– Risk of under-dosing increase risk of resistance?
9
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10. Feeding the pig before weaning
• The more feed intake the better
– Feed a creep feed designed for this purpose
– Start at about 5 days of age – optimal; 10 days at the latest
– Supply fresh feed to the animals daily
• Supply water that pigs can readily access
• Ideal feeder:
– maximum height of 3 inches
– Mat is OK, if feed can be managed to limit waste and provide
access almost continuously
– placed where activity is
10
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12. The importance of healthy gastrointestinal tract
Picture: CAN research NL
12
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13. After weaning, villus length is reduced
substantially
Villous height, % of weaning
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
7
14
21
Time after weaning, d
28
Source: CAN NL Research, Wijtten 2011
13
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14. High feed intake after weaning results in
longer intestinal villi
600
micrometer
500
before
weaning
491Um
High feed
intake
268 g/d)
438 Um
400
Low feed
intake
(185 g/d)
354 Um
300
200
100
0
feed intake
Source: Verdonk et al. 2007
14
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15. Newly weaned pigs are in an energy
deficient state - energy intake can take 7-21
days to equal that right before weaning
15
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16. Pigs that consume more creep feed in
lactation eat more quickly after weaning
% Not eating at time points
100
90
eater
80
non-fed
70
non-eater
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Latency to first feed intake, hours
Source: Bruininx et al., 2002
16
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17. How many days to feed creep feed postweaning?
Trial 1:
CAN - Spain (weaning age 24 days, 7 kg weaning weight)
Change creep feed to prestarter feed:
4 days post weaning
6 days post weaning
8 days post weaning
10 days post weaning
Trial 2:
CAN - Netherlands. (weaning age 21 days, 6.2 kg weaning weight)
Change creep feed to prestarter feed:
2 days post weaning
4 days post weaning
7 days post weaning
17
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18. Trial 1 TAC Spain
Effect of longer creep feed (phase 1) feeding
on weight 25 days post weaning
40.4
40.5
40.3
39.9
Weight (lbs)
40.0
39.5
39.0
38.6
38.5
38.0
37.5
4 Days
6 Days
8 Days
10 Days
Days Post Weaning of creep feed before change to prestarter
Optimal benefit ~1 week of Creep Feed after weaning
Source : CAN TAC Spain
18
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19. Trial 2 GIC Netherlands
Effect of longer creep feed (phase 1) feeding
on weight 21 days post weaning
25.7
25.8
25.5
Weight (lbs)
25.6
25.4
25.2
25.0
24.9
24.8
24.6
24.4
2 Days
4 Days
7 Days
Days Post Weaning of creep feed before change to prestarter
Optimal benefit ~ 4-7 days of Creep Feed after weaning
Source : CAN GIC NL
19
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20. Effect of light on post-weaning performance
300
280
First 14 days post-weaning
300
250
250
212
200
200
168
150
150
100
Daily gain (g/d)
Feed intake (g/d)
249
100
23 hours
8 hours
Feed intake
23 hours
8 hours
Daily gain
Don’t leave pigs in the dark!
Source: Van den Boogaart, 2001
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21. Vaccination time can affect feed intake
• Daily intake pattern of pigs vaccinated 1 week before
weaning or with weaning at 21 days of age.
300
Feed Intake, g/d
200
100
Pigs vaccinated 1 wk before weaning
Pigs vaccinated at weaning
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Days after weaning
Source: Mavromichalis et al.
21
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22. Water intake is a key to post weaning feed
intake
• At least 1 nipple waterer per 10 pigs
• With more than 1 nipple have them a minimum of 3 feet apart
• Have enough output
from the nipples
• Clean water system
22
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23. Effect of sorting pigs going into the nursery
Sorted on weight
Not sorted on weight
Weaning wt (lbs)
10.8
10.8
Final weight (lbs)
52.0a
53.1b
Gain, (g/p/d)
.91a
.93b
Intake, (g/p/d)
1.23a
1.26b
FCR
1.36
1.36
abp<0.01
Source: CAN NA research
1760 piglets day 0 to 45 Pst-Wng
23
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24. Suggestions to enhance early, post-weaning
feed intake
• Creep feed in suckling period (beginning at 5-10 d of age) more and
earlier intake post-weaning
• Keep same feed post-weaning as before weaning
– Relatively higher energy: protein more intake, less diarrhea
– Palatable & familiar
• Feeder:
– Preferably open feeders to promote group eating
– Enough light to see inside the feeder
– Plenty of feeder space
• Light is important to encourage finding the feeder and increase
imitation and curiosity – keep the lights on
• Sorting probably reduces intake the first few days after weaning
24
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25. Early post-weaning gain & final weight
253
255
250
Liveweight (lbs)
at 156 d pst-wng
250
244
245
239
240
235
230
<0
0-.33
.33-.5
Gain (lbs/d) 0-8d post-weaning
>.5
Source: Tokach et al., 1992
26
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26. Optimizing feed intake of piglets in
the first week post weaning pays off!
• Pigs that eat more are more resistant to disease and have better
health through out the growth period
• Improved average gain in the total nursery period
• Better uniformity better utilization of the building and less risk of
violating all-in-all-out principles
• Better “life-time performance”
27
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27. Balancing diets for varying health conditions
• Macro-nutrients…Protein, Carbohydrates &
Fats
– Should we adjust sourcing and levels
according to stress and health levels?
• Additives…
– How might conditions affect which
ones we choose and how much
benefit we get?
28
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28. Protein and amino acid nutrition
• Protein paradox –
– Requirements for amino acids are high to reach maximum growth
– Protein in excess of digestive capability leads to fermentation and
diarrhea; reduced with lower protein diet
– Specific amino acid requirements to counteract gut health challenges
vary from those for growth and may not be supplied at adequate levels
with a low protein diet balanced to a typical ideal protein ratio
• Glutamine & glutamate – increase innate and adaptive immunity
(macrophage and lymphocyte) under challenge; increase gut
integrity and cell division; fuel source for gut mucosal cells
• Alanine & glycine – may increase anti-secretory peptide
• Threonine – required for mucus proteins and gut repair
• Tryptophan – may increase villus/crypt ratio, but may reduce intake
• Optimal protein and amino acid feeding approach and levels may differ
depending on health status and stress levels
29
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29. Carbohydrates
• Lactose is expensive, but important, especially to challenged pigs
– Energy source for young or challenged pigs
– Acts as a prebiotic, as ~30% may be left undigested by the end of the SI
– Effects may be partially replaced by other carbohydrates, fermentable
fiber, prebiotics, or some acidifiers, but somewhat health dependent
• Fiber effects vary
– “No” fiber diets may alleviate diarrhea, $$$
– Fermentable, soluble fibers (psyllium, beet pulp, chicory (inulin), etc.)
may enhance gut health and favor larger, more diverse bacterial
populations & high LAB’s, but effects may be limited in high lactose diets
– Insoluble fiber (brans) absorb water, reduce binding of some bad
bacteria to reduce diarrhea, but dilute energy in the diet
• “Grain” fibers (especially arabinoxylans) and raw starches
– Generally, neutral, but with health challenges or very young pigs may
increase risk of diarrhea
– Processing or, potentially, enzyme supplementation may help
30
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30. Fats
• Concentrated energy sources, BUT
– One of the first and most predictive indicators of gut damage is
reduction in fat digestibility
– Medium chain fats and some unsaturated fats are generally well
utilized, but expensive
– Less expensive, more saturated fats are fine for healthy pigs
beyond 4 weeks of age, but may not be with digestive tract
challenges
– In creep feeds and immediately post-weaning, if conditions are
challenging, it is probably best to limit fat to modest levels (<2%
added)
31
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31. Which additives work? Why? When?
Zinc oxide – very consistent, relatively low cost additive improves
performance, especially in stressed & challenged pigs
Acidifiers – reduces diarrhea, improves digestibility, improves gain and
FCR; complement or partially replace antibiotics
Probiotics – yeast & bacteria
• Competitive exclusion
• Metabolites & enzymes
• Immune protection
•May aid gut repair
Enzymes – diet and sometimes health
dependent
Additives can complement each other;
or not…depends on MOA’s, levels,
health challenges
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32. Zinc oxide – an effective and instructive
additive
• Concerns and regulations in parts of the world limit use, may become
an issue in US; replacement requires understanding of how and why it
works
• Recent research is shedding light on zinc oxide
– Increase IgA in the gut
– Reduce genetic expression of inflammatory cytokines
– Increase anti-microbial peptide secretion from bone marrow
– Reduce translocation of bacteria to lymphocytes and blocks
cascade leading to mast cell (limit immune system activation)
– Prevent barrier leakage of macro-molecules following stress
• Similar measures may help us identify, understand and improve
success with other additives
33
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33. Promote ProHacid Advance improves ADG & FCR on top of
antibiotics
14 days post-weaning
ADG Lbs/d
0.60
0.63 b
1.41 a
FCR
a
b
1.35
Control + antibiotic only
a,b Means
antibiotic + Advance
within a row with different
superscripts differ significantly
(p<0.05)
.
(26)
34
Control + antibiotic w/o
acids
antibiotic + Advance
blend type
Source : Cargill Application Center, NA, 2012,
Antibiotic: Pulmotil, with 235 ppm Cu (from CuSO4) and 3000 ppm Zn (from ZnO)
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34. Variable challenges – adjusting nutrition
High health, low stress, eating
well
• Lower cost diets to reduce
production cost; limit lactose
and plasma
• Push nutrient levels higher to
attain genetic potential
• Allow more plant proteins and
starches
• Adjust additive package to
maximize efficiency and lower
cost of gain
35
Low health, high stress, eating
poorly
• Wean to creep feed
• Invest in key nutrient sources –
plasma, lactose
• Lower plant proteins and protein
levels to reduce gut damage &
diarrhea
• Use combinations of additives
to support gut repair, intake,
and reduce diarrhea
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35. Future opportunities
• Better models of gut immunity, microbial status, management effects &
opportunities to improve these
• Understanding and providing precursors to better protect the gut
– Barrier function
– Healthier commensal bacterial populations
– Faster gut repair when damaged
– Feeding to enhance immunity, cytokine modulation
• Control of gene expression to limit inflammatory, secretory factors, and
gut damaging effects
• Combating oxidative stress and gut damage by nutrition
• Better targeted delivery of additives and nutrient precursors to key
areas of the gut
36
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36. All we need to do is sort this out…
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37
Notas del editor Villus height as % of the villus height before weaning, presented until day 28 after weaning. Villus height is reduced substantially in the first week after weaning: Provimi Research, Wijtten 2011. Villus length in micro meter of piglets before weaning, and of piglets 7 days after weaning with a high feedintake or with a restricted feed intake. (Verdonk et al. 2007). Antibiotic: PulmotilDiets with 235 ppm CU (from CUSO4) and 3000 ppm Zn (from ZnOPulmotil : $11 per kg feed (toc)