This presentation is about urban and rural sanitation programmes in India and their success stories

1. SANITATION : ISSUES AND PRACTICES IN INDIA
TRYAMBAKESH SHUKLA AMIT KUMAR DEOBRAT KUMAR
BP/463/2008 BP/454/2008 BP/431/2007

2. FINGERS
• SANITATION IS ONE OF THE BASIC DETERMINANTS OF QUALITY OF LIFE AND
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX.
• EARLIER CONCEPT OF SANITATION WAS ONLY LIMITED TO DISPOSAL OF HUMAN
EXCRETA.
• BUT IT ALSO INCLUDES LIQUID AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL, FOOD HYGIENE AND
PERSONAL, DOMESTIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE.
INTRODUCTION
Transmission route of diseases due to lack of sanitation
FOOD NEW HOST
FLUIDS
FLIES
FIELDS
FAECES
N
O
S
A
N
I
T
A
T
I
O
N

3. VISION-GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
“ALL INDIAN CITIES AND TOWNS BECOME TOTALLY SANITIZED, HEALTHY AND
LIVEABLE AND ENSURE AND SUSTAIN GOOD PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
OUTCOMES FOR ALL THEIR CITIZENS WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON HYGIENIC AND
AFFORDABLE SANITATION FACILITIES FOR THE URBAN POOR AND WOMEN.”
GOAL 7 OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDGS), WHICH CALLS ON COUNTRIES TO HALVE, BY
2015, THE PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WITHOUT IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES ; AND INDIA’S MORE
AMBITIOUS GOAL OF PROVIDING “SANITATION FOR ALL” BY 2012, ESTABLISHED UNDER ITS TOTAL
SANITATION CAMPAIGN.
Unsafe drinking water is a major cause of waterborne disease

4. RURAL SANITATION IN INDIA
• INDIA’S FIRST NATIONWIDE PROGRAM FOR RURAL SANITATION, THE CENTRAL
RURAL SANITATION PROGRAM WAS LAUNCHED IN 1986.
• THE BASIC OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROGRAM WAS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE
OF RURAL PEOPLE AND TO PROVIDE PRIVACY AND DIGNITY TO WOMEN.
Toilet construction in rural india
• THE PROGRAM WAS RECONSTRUCTED
AGAIN IN APRIL, 1999 WHICH FOCUSES
ON DEMAND DRIVEN APPROACH IN A
PHASED MANNER WITH A VIEW TO
COVER THE WIDER RANGE OF RURAL
POPULATION BY THE END OF 9TH FIVE
YEAR PLAN.
• THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY
AND SANITATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE SANITATION IN RURAL AREAS.

5. TOTAL SANITATION SCHEME
• THE TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN (TSC) IS A PROGRAM TO ENSURE SANITATION
FACILITIES IN RURAL AREAS TO ERADICATE OPEN DEFECATION.
• IT WAS LAUNCHED IN THE YEAR 1999.
• THE MAJOR GOAL IS TO STOP OPEN DEFECATION BY 2012.
• IT FOLLOWS PRINCIPLE OF “NO TO LOW SUBSIDY” WHERE NOMINAL SUBSIDY IS
GIVEN IN FORM OF INCENTIVES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF TOILET.
Students being aware of sanitation and hygiene issues

6. TOTAL SANITATION SCHEME - OBJECTIVES
• TO BRING ABOUT IMPROVEMENT IN GENERAL QUALITY OF LIFE.
• TO PROVIDE ACCESS TO TOILETS TO ALL BY 2012.
• MOTIVATE COMMUNITIES AND PANCHYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS (LOCAL
GOVERNMENT) FOR PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE SANITATION FACILITIES THROUGH
AWARENESS CREATION AND HEALTH EDUCATION.
• COVER SCHOOL AND ANGANWADIS WITH SANITATION FACILITIES AND PROMOTE
HYGIENE.
• ENCOURAGE COST EFFECTIVE SANITATION FACILITIES.
INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLD
LATRINE COVERAGE HAS
NEARLY TRIPLED FROM 22%
IN 2001 TO 68% IN 2010

7. NIRMAL GRAM PURASKAR
• NIRMAL GRAM PURASKAR IS AN INNOVATIVE INCENTIVE SCHEME FOR THOSE
GRAM PANCHAYAT, BLOCKS AND DISTRICTS WHICH HAVE ATTAINED CENT PERCENT
SANITATION COVERAGE IN THEIR RESPECTIVE GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS.
• CENT PERCENT SANITATION INCLUDES ERADICATING THE MENACE OF OPEN
DEFECATION, PROVISION OF SANITATION FACILITIES IN HOUSEHOLD AND
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND GENERAL CLEANLINESS IN VILLAGE.
• AN AMOUNT RANGING FROM 50,000 TO 5,00,000 IS GIVEN TO PRIs (DEPENDING
ON POPULATION) FOR CREATING OTHER SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND
MAINTENANCE.
YEAR NGP AWARDED
GPs
2005 38
2006 760
2007 4945
2008 12144
2009 4556
2010 2808
NIRMAL GRAM PURAKAR AWARDS IN
THE COUNTRY HAVE REACHED A
FIGURE OF 25, 251 FROM 38 IN 2005
TO 2808 IN 2010.

8. RURAL SANITARY MART
• RURAL SANITARY MART PLAYS AN
IMPORTANT ROLE IN FACILITATING SUPPLY
OF SANITARY PRODUCTS AND SERVICES IN
RURAL INDIA.
• ITS FUNCTION IS TO ACCLERATE THE PACE
OF SANITATION PROGRAM AND TO
PROVIDE NEED BASED AND ECONOMICALLY
VIABLE SANITATION OPTIONS.
UNDER RURAL
SANITATION PROGRAM
DURING LAST DECADE
1.05 MILLION SCHOOLS
IN THE COUNTRY HAVE
BEEN PROVIDED WITH
SANITATION FACILITIES.
0.36 MILLION
ANGANWADIS HAVE
GAINED ACCES TO SAFE
SANITATION FACILITY

9. ECOSAN LATRINES
Ecosan Latrines

10. ECOSAN LATRINES
No. of Ecosan projects: 27
• THERE ARE TWO CHAMBERS
ONE FOR COLLECTING URINE
AND ANOTHER FOR
COLLECTING FAECAL
MATERIAL.
• THE FAECAL MATERIAL IS
USED AS MANURE IN THE
FIELD.

11. SACOSAN
• TO DEVELOP A REGIONAL AGENDA ON
SANITATION, UNDERSTAND SIMILARITIES IN
SANITATION CHALLENGES ACROSS THE REGION.
SACOSAN I
• FOCUSED ON ESTABLISHING SYSTEM FOR
OPERATIONALIZING A REGIONAL SANITATION
AGENDA.
SACOSAN
II
• PROPOSED TO FOCUS ON ISSUES OF SUSTAINABLE
SANITATION, MAKING IT PEOPLE CENTRIC , GENDER
ISSUES IN SANITATION, ECONOMIC GAINS AND
LEGAL ASPECTS.
SACOSAN
III

12. ACHIEVEMENTS IN RURAL SANITATION
• SIKKIM HAS BECOME THE FIRST STATE TO ACHIEVE 100
PERCENT RURAL SANITATION COVERAGE, BECOMING THE
FIRST “NIMRAL RAJYA” IN THE COUNTRY.
• INCREASE IN NIRMAL GRAM PURAKAR. 25,251 VILLAGES
HAVE ACHIEVED TOTAL SANITATION.
• 1.05 MILLION TOILETS HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED IN
SCHOOL SINCE 1999.
• 0.36 MILLION TOILETS HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED IN
ANGANWADIS SINCE 1999.
• THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET FOR RURAL
SANITATION HAS INCREASED FROM 1,650 MILLION IN
2002-03 TO 16,500 MILLION IN 2011-12.

13. CASE STUDY : HAJIPALLY VILLAGE, ANDHRA
• HAJIPALLY IS A GRAM PANCHAYAT (GP) IN
FAROOQNAGAR MANDAL OF
MEHBOOBNAGAR DISTRICT, ONE OF THE
MOST BACKWARD DISTRICTS IN ANDHRA
PRADESH.
• HAJIPALLY, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF A
FEMALE SARPANCH, HAS ACHIEVED TOTAL
SANITATION WITH ACCESS TO, AND USAGE
OF, TOILETS BY 100 PERCENT
HOUSEHOLDS. THIS GP BECOME OPEN
DEFECATION FREE (ODF) BY 2008.
• THE HAJIPALLY GP RECEIVED THE HIGHEST
AWARD AT THE STATE-LEVEL UNDER THE
STATE REWARD SCHEME, THE ‘SHUBRAM
AWARDS’ BY THE GOVERNMENT OF
ANDHRA PRADESH. IT ALSO RECEIVED THE
NIRMAL GRAM PURASKAR FROM THE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.

14. THE GP COULD SUSTAIN THE CHANGE ACHIEVED WITH THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES BY
THE GP WITH ALL THE STAKEHOLDERS IN THE VILLAGE:
• SEPARATE SCHOOL SANITATION FACILITIES FOR BOYS AND GIRLS, WITH RUNNING
WATER FACILITY.
• SCHOOL SANITATION AND HYGIENE COMMITTEE MAINTAINS DEGRADABLE AND
NON-DEGRADABLE DUSTBINS IN THE SCHOOL CAMPUS.
•IN WINTER, YOUTH CLUB MEMBERS FORMED TEAMS FOR MONITORING OF OPEN
DEFECATION PRACTICES AND CAMP FIRES AT OPEN DEFECATION PLACES BY THE
NIGRANI COMMITTEE.
•CLEANING OF BUSHES TO PREVENT OPEN DEFECATION IN GP JURISDICTION AND
FIXING OF LIGHTS IN OPEN DEFECATION AREA.
• NOTICES ISSUED BY THE GRAM PANCHAYAT WATER AND SANITATION COMMITTEE
DURING FAIRS AND FESTIVALS: GUESTS ARE NOT TO GO OUTSIDE FOR DEFECATION. A
RS 500 PENALTY IS BEING IMPOSED PER FAMILY IF ANYBODY GOES OUTSIDE FOR
DEFECATION.
• VISITS BY MANY OFFICIALS, ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES OF THE OTHER VILLAGES
AND THE DISTRICTS HAVE ALSO MOTIVATED THE GP TO MAINTAIN THE STATUS.
HOW IS SANITATION MAINTAINED?

15. URBAN SANITATION IN INDIA - ISSUES
POOR AWARENESS
• LOW PRIORITY TO SANITATION AND LACK OF AWARENESS.
POOR INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
• GAPS AND OVERLAPS IN INSTITUTIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES AT NATIONAL, STATE
AND CITY LEVEL.
LACK OF INTEGRATED CITY WIDE APPROACH
• SANITATION INVESTMENT ARE DONE IN PIECE MEAL MANNER AND DONOT TAKE INTO
ACCOUNT THE FULL CYCLE OF SAFE CONFINMENT, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL.
REACHING THE URBAN POOR
• BECAUSE OF LACK OF TENURE, SPACE AND ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS URBAN POOR ARE
UNABLE TO ACCESS SAFE SANITATION.
LACK OF DEMAND RESPONSIVENESS
• THE PREFERENCE AND DEMAND OF HOUSEHOLDS ARE NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT.

16. NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY
AWARENESS GENERATION
• GENERATING AWARENESS ABOUT SANITATION AND ITS LINKAGE WITH
PUBLIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH.
OPEN DEFECATION FREE CITIES
• PROMOTING ACCESS TO HOUSEHOLD WITH SAFE SANITATION
FACILITIES.
• PROPER PLANNIG AND MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNITY TOILETS.
INTEGRATED CITY WIDE SANITATION
• STRENGTHENING NATIONAL, STATE AND LOCAL LEVEL INSTITUTIONS
TO ACCORD PRIORITY TO SANITATION PROVISION INCLUDING PROPER
PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT.

17. ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
NATIONAL LEVEL
• GENERATING
AWARENESS
• PROVIDING
FUNDING AND
ASSISTANCE
• NATIONAL LEVEL
MONITORING
• MAINSTREAMING
SANITATION INTO
URBAN
INFRASTRUCTURE
AND HOUSING
STATE LEVEL
• SETTING STANDARDS
AT STATE LEVEL.
• RESOLVING ISSUES
OF TENURE AND
SPACE FOR
PROVIDING
SANITATION TO
URBAN POOR.
• CAPACITY BUILDING
AND TRAINING.
• MONITORING AND
EVALUATION AT CITY
LEVEL.
URBAN LOCAL BODIES
• PREPARING CITY
SANITATION PLANS.
• PLANNING AND
FINANCING
SCHEMES.

18. URBAN SANITATION METHODS

19. DEWAT SYSTEM
• DEWAT IS BASED ON MECHANICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL WASTE WATER
MANAGEMENT.
• THE MAIN FEATURE OF DEWAT IS LOW
LEVEL OF OPERATION AND
MANAGEMENT.
DEWAT MODULE
USE
• SEDIMENTATION AND PRIMARY
TREATMENT IN SETTLERS, SEPTIC
TANKS OR IMHOFF TANKS.
• SECONDARY ANAEROBIC TREATMENT
IN FIXED BED FILTERS OR BAFFLED
REACTORS.
• SECONDARY AND TERTIARY
AEROBIC/ANAEROBIC TREATMENT IN
PLANTED GRAVEL FILTERS.
• SECONDARY AND TERTIARY
ANAEROBIC AEROBIC TREATMENT IN
PONDS.
TREATMENT SYSTEM

20. CASE STUDY : URBAN SLUM DWELLERS
SANITATION FOR THE POOR URBAN SLUM DWELLERS TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
•THE TIRUCHIRAPPALLI MODEL OF COMMUNITY-MANAGED TOILETS WITH BATHING
AND WASHING FACILITIES IS AN EXAMPLE OF A PARTNERSHIP OF SENSITIVE CITY
AUTHORITIES, COMMUNITIES AND NGOS, WORKING TOGETHER TO ADDRESS THESE
PROBLEMS.
•TIRUCHIRAPPALLI, LOCATED IN TAMIL NADU, INDIA, HAS A POPULATION OF AROUND
750,000, OF WHICH 23 PER CENT LIVE IN 211 APPROVED AND 75 UNAPPROVED
SLUMS.
•SANITATION COVERAGE IS REPORTED AT 70 PER CENT WITH MANY HOUSEHOLDS
USING SEPTIC TANKS, DUE TO LOW COVERAGE OF UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE, LESS
THAN A QUARTER OF HOUSEHOLDS CONNECTED.
•THERE ARE 339 COMMUNITY TOILETS IN THE CITY, AROUND HALF OF WHICH ARE
NOW MANAGED BY COMMUNITIES.

21. BENEFITS OF COMMUNITY MANAGED TOILETS
WOMEN’S ACTION FOR VILLAGE EMPOWERMENT (WAVE) COMMUNITIES REPORTED
MANY FAR-REACHING BENEFITS RESULTING FROM TAKING OVER MANAGEMENT OF
THEIR COMMUNITY TOILETS.
•IMPROVED CLEAN ENVIRONMENT AND ACCESS TO A TOILET – FROM A SITUATION
WHERE WOMEN WANDERED THE CITY LOOKING FOR AN OPEN SPACE TO
DEFECATE, THEIR COMMUNITIES ARE NOW OPEN DEFECATION-FREE AND THERE IS A
PROUD SENSE OF CLEANLINESS AND WELL BEING IN THE COMMUNITIES.
•HYGIENE AND HEALTH IMPROVEMENT – THE DISEASE BURDEN AND HOUSEHOLD
EXPENDITURE ON MEDICATION HAVE BOTH REDUCED DRAMATICALLY.
•WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT – WOMEN LEADERS HAVE THE CONFIDENCE AND SKILLS
TO SOLVE COMMUNITY AND FAMILY PROBLEMS AND MANAGE FINANCES. THE
WOMEN ALSO KNOW HOW TO ACCESS THE GOVERNMENT MACHINERY AND LOBBY
FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN THE COMMUNITIES.
•OPPORTUNITIES FOR EMPLOYMENT – THE CMTS PROVIDE EMPLOYMENT FOR ALL
SHG MEMBERS ON A ROTATION BASIS AND A FEW COMMUNITY MEMBERS ON A
PERMANENT BASIS.

22. STAKEHOLDERS IN COMMUNITY MANAGED TOILETS
A NUMBER OF STAKEHOLDERS HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN SUPPORTING THE
COMMUNITY-MANAGED TOILETS.
•TRICHY CITY CORPORATION STAFF MONITORS THE CONDITIONS IN THE TOILETS,
ALTHOUGH NOT ALWAYS REGULARLY, EMPTY SEPTIC TANKS AND COVER THE
ELECTRICITY COST IN SOME TOILETS.
•WAVE MONITORS THE FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF ITS MEMBER CMTS AND PROVIDES
ADVICE ON MANAGEMENT AND LOANS WHERE NEEDED. IT ALSO RUNS A STORE OF
CLEANING MATERIALS AND LOBBIES WITH THE CITY AUTHORITIES ON BEHALF OF THE
SHE TEAMS.
• GRAMALAYA ESTABLISHES SHGS AND SUPPORTS THEM TO TAKE OVER
MANAGEMENT OF THEIR TOILETS. IT ALSO GIVES HYGIENE EDUCATION AND
PROMOTES OPEN DEFECATION-FREE ZONES AS WELL AS SUPPORTING THE
DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE.
•WARD COUNCILLORS MONITOR THE STATUS OF CMTS IN THEIR AREA AND REQUEST
TCC TO UNDERTAKE MAINTENANCE WHEN NEEDED.

23. BENEFITS
•THE REVIEW OF COMMUNITY-MANAGED TOILETS IN TIRUCHIRAPPALLI, SIX YEARS
AFTER THE WORK BEGAN, HAS SHOWN THAT COMMUNITIES CAN MANAGE THEIR
OWN TOILET UNITS, WHEN THEY DO THIS THE TOILETS ARE MUCH CLEANER THAN
WHEN MANAGED BY TCC.
•ACHIEVING CLEAN AND HEALTHY SLUMS DOES NOT REQUIRE HUGE FINANCIAL
INVESTMENT; IT REQUIRES A CITY AUTHORITY SENSITIVE TO THE PROBLEMS FACED BY
SLUM COMMUNITIES AND SUPPORTIVE OF COMMUNITY ACTION, DEDICATION OF
COMMUNITIES AND THEIR SUPPORT NGOS.
•MANAGING THEIR TOILETS LEADS TO EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN WITH MANY
POSITIVE IMPACTS IN TERMS OF PERSONAL AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT.
•TOILETS ARE ONLY PART OF THE SANITATION SOLUTION. SEWAGE, WASTE WATER
AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT MUST ALSO BE TACKLED AND CITY AUTHORITIES
MUST PLAY A LEAD ROLE.
•TIRUCHIRAPPALLI SHOWS THE WAY – COMMUNITY-MANAGED TOILETS IS A MODEL
THAT CAN WORK AT A CITY LEVEL WHEN SUPPORTED BY CITY AUTHORITIES. IT OFFERS
A MODEL THAT CAN BE ADAPTED AND INTRODUCED IN MANY OTHER CITIES.

24. RECOMMENDATION
 COST EFFECTIVE OPTIONS SHOULD BE EXPLORED FOR THE RURAL SANITATION AND
URBAN POOR.
 AWARENESS PROGRAMME SHOULD BE DONE FOR SCHOOL SANITATION.
 PROVISION OF SAFE DRINKING WATER.
 COMMUNITY BASED SOULTIONS SHOULD BE ADOPTED LIKE COMMUNTIY LED
TOTAL SANITATION.

25. REFERENCES
• DEPARTMENT OF DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION, COUNTRY PAPER, 2011.
• ENHANCED QUALITY OF LIFE THROUGH SUSTAINED SANITATION, INDIA COUNTRY
PAPER, 2011.
• DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION, www.ddws.nic.in
• ANNUAL REPORT, 2009-10, MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT
• NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY, MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT