3. Behaviorism Social Constructivism Theorists Skinner, Pavlov, Thorndike Vygotsky, Rogoff, Bruner, Hillocks, Dewey: Child and Curriculum Experience and Education How learning occurs Transmission of knowledge: Teaching is telling Transformation of participation Implications for instruction Both teacher and student are passive; curriculum determines the sequence of timing of instruction. All knowledge is socially and culturally constructed. What and how the student learns depends on what opportunities the teacher/parent provides. Learning is not ‘natural’ but depends on interactions with more expert others. Student’s role ‘ Empty vessel’ Collaborative participant Teacher’s role Transmit the curriculum Observe learners closely, as individuals and groups. Scaffold learning within the zone of proximal development, match individual and collective curricula to learners’ needs. Create inquiry environment. Dominant instructional activities Teacher lectures; students memorize material for tests Teacher-guided participation in both small-and large-group work; recording and analyzing individual student progress; explicit assistance to reach higher levels of competence