1. 低碳型整体规划 一种基于实证的规划设计可持续发展城市的方法 Low carbon masterplanning An evidence-based approach to the planning & design of sustainable cities 6 th IGEBC, Beijing 28 th March 2010 Tim STONOR 提姆•斯都纳

2. In this presentation I will show how Space Syntax technology is being used throughout the world to create sustainable eco-city masterplans. Introduction

3. I will also describe how the applications of Space Syntax technology include the competition for the expansion of Beijing’s CBD. 紫禁城 Forbidden City 奥林匹克公园 Olympic Park China applications 6 th IGECB, Beijing Image CAUPD © 2009

4. Space Syntax Technology overview Description Space Syntax is a sustainable urban planning & design technology. Benefits It is used to reduce the total energy load of cities. In doing so, it targets social & economic prosperity. Features Space Syntax is an objective planning & design approach with deep, scientific foundations. Applications It is one of the longest-established urban planning methodologies. It has been developed & tested over twenty years in China & throughout the world.

5. The energy consumed by vehicles in towns and cities is often higher than that consumed by either the lighting or heating of buildings. 54% of UK transport emissions are produced by road transport. Of these, 90% are produced by private/commercial vehicles. Since 1990, total UK emissions of CO2 fell by 6% while transport emissions grew by almost 11%. The problem The energy cost of road transport networks Road transport Source: Defra 2007

6. The increasing dependence of towns and cities on imports of fossil fuelled energy, food and water is a profound risk for the future of urban living. This risk can be mitigated in two ways. The first way is to tackle supply chains through the introduction of local and renewable energy as well as locally produced food and water. The second way is to tackle consumption patterns, by reducing “waste consumption” in urban systems: energy, water and food waste. Solutions Addressing the scarcity of natural resources

7. Technology-driven solutions can create cleaner fuels and new ways of working that require less travel. The role of technology in reducing emissions

8. Urban planning solutions can create modal change from private to public transport and from carbon to non-carbon forms of travel such as walking & cycling . Space Syntax is an urban planning solution that creates this modal change. The role of planning & design in reducing emissions

9. When towns and cities are poorly laid out they create significant volumes of energy waste, most often in the form of dependency on private cars. How do planning & design influence carbon emissions?

10. Examples include residential communities built at low density at the edges of cities, which cannot sustain local economies and require the use of cars and public transport to access goods and services, with a consequent impact on energy consumption. In many cases, such places are built at too low a density to support public transport, with even greater energy implications. The risk of poor planning & design

11. Density is not the only influence on urban sustainability. Certain forms of street layout design place greater demands on energy than others, especially when land uses are zoned rather than mixed. Disconnected, mono-functional grids require users to make a greater number of longer journeys, resulting in increased energy consumed through vehicular movement. Disconnected grids increase travel emissions

12. Disconnected grids are the preference of the transport planning community since they are easier to simulate and traffic control. Unfortunately this form of planning often creates congestion as well as economic under-performance and social segregation. If green buildings are placed into such an inefficient transport network, the result is NOT an eco-city. It is a city of net urban energy wastage. The risk of poor planning & design

13. In order to tackle the urban energy equation, Space Syntax technology has been developed to measure the efficiency of spatial layouts and to design sustainable transport networks. By measuring the efficiency of the street network, the technology assesses the likely transport profile of whole cities and city areas. Inefficient parts of the spatial layout of any city can be repaired or replaced through urban planning & design . Space Syntax Measuring the efficiency of spatial networks 6 th IGECB, Beijing UCL Space Syntax © 2009

14. Space Syntax’s urban planning and design software calculates the relationship between street layout and energy consumption. This leading eco-city technology was developed at University College London , the world’s 4th ranked university. Space Syntax Deep research foundations at UCL

15. Using Space Syntax, it is possible to optimise relationships between spatial layout, movement and other critical aspects of urban sustainability. Space Syntax technology identifies the optimal location of land uses, especially retailing, public transport nodes and community facilities. A “total” sustainability solution Economic viability

16. We have developed techniques to objectively assess the risk of vulnerability to burglary and personal attack. We have worked with city authorities and police forces to reduce crime levels in urban areas . A “total” sustainability solution Crime & safety

17. Space Syntax technology measures the likelihood that people will walk to take physical exercise and thus avoid the increasing threat of ill-health. Obesity, and the diseases connected to low physical activity, are a growing threat to urban economies, given the increasing financial costs of ill-health. A city is only truly an eco-city when it is also a healthy city. A “total” sustainability solution Healthy living

18. Spatial layouts influence the degree to which people from different social and ethnic backgrounds are able to live together. Space Syntax technology is used to consult with community groups about development proposals and to find harmonious ways of bringing new communities to live alongside existing ones . A “total” sustainability solution Community cohesion

19. In 2009, a competition was held to create a vision for the extension of Beijing’s CBD as an eco-city. Space Syntax was invited to create a “design union” with the China Academy of Urban Planning and Design. We set ourselves the challenge of creating a national CBD a global stage sustaining life everywhere . Case study Extending Beijing’s Central Business District 6 th IGECB, Beijing Image CAUPD © 2009

20. One of the most fundamental problems of the existing CBD is the high traffic congestion. Our concept tackled this problem directly. We focused on the creation of a sustainable transport network that massively increased levels of walking, cycling and public transport usage . Case study Extending Beijing’s Central Business District 6 th IGECB, Beijing Image CAUPD © 2009

21. We began by analysing the site within the spatial network of Beijing. The spatial network modelling revealed the over-dominance of the vehicle network and the weakness of the walking network. It identified key connections that could be repaired or replaced. Case study Extending Beijing’s Central Business District 6 th IGECB, Beijing UCL Space Syntax © 2009

22. Historical analysis Understanding the evolution of the site The site has a profound history. The CAUPD/ Space Syntax design union researched this history and recovered many elements of it in the final design. These included two ancient trade routes and the more recent - but still culturally important - power station. 6 th IGECB, Beijing Image CAUPD © 2009

23. Design process Using the model to test ideas Six concepts were tested. The best aspects of four of these were then combined into a preferred option. 6 th IGECB, Beijing Image CAUPD © 2009 + =

24. Preferred option Five types of urban landscape system 6 th IGECB, Beijing Image CAUPD © 2009 We created five different types of urban landscape, each of which promotes low carbon activity: Urban parks The Central Garden Chinese-style boulevards Multi-level community green spaces Roof gardens . We created five different types of urban landscape, each of which promotes low carbon activity: Urban parks The Central Garden Chinese-style boulevards Multi-level community green spaces Roof gardens . We created five different types of urban landscape, each of which promotes low carbon activity: Urban parks The Central Garden Chinese-style boulevards Multi-level community green spaces Roof gardens . We created five different types of urban landscape, each of which promotes low carbon activity: Urban parks The Central Garden Chinese-style boulevards Multi-level community green spaces Roof gardens . We created five different types of urban landscape, each of which promotes low carbon activity: Urban parks The Central Garden Chinese-style boulevards Multi-level community green spaces Roof gardens . We created five different types of urban landscape, each of which promotes low carbon activity: Urban parks The Central Garden Chinese-style boulevards Multi-level community green spaces Roof gardens .

25. The preferred option was developed to create a system of local neighbourhoods, connected by walkable major and minor streets. Urban character Locally distinct & globally connected Neighbourhood plan 6 th IGECB, Beijing Image CAUPD © 2009

26. The preferred option was further developed to exploit the natural importance of a large, central space. Fine-tuning the design through detailed spatial analysis 6 th IGECB, Beijing Image CAUPD © 2009

27. The central space is a device that unites the local neighbourhoods. It is also the setting for a “Golden Stage” where major cultural events take place. The central space A golden stage 6 th IGECB, Beijing Image CAUPD © 2009

28. Pedestrian, cycle and vehicle connectivity at ground level is complemented by urban and regional train connections beneath ground. An enhanced public transport network 6 th IGECB, Beijing Image CAUPD © 2009

29. The outcome A sustainable urban transport network Existing High levels of traffic congestion. Low levels of public transport service. Disconnected from the existing CBD. Low natural landscape quality. Proposed Mixed mode transport network. High levels of walking & cycling. Integrated with the existing CBD. High natural landscape quality. 6 th IGECB, Beijing Image CAUPD © 2009

30. In conclusion, Space Syntax offers a marriage of theoretical knowledge analytical methods creative thinking worldwide experience . There is more detail than can be described in a short presentation. However, my colleague ZHANG Ji and I will be happy to speak to anyone who wishes to know more about low carbon masterplanning for sustainable cities. Thank you Concusions Tim STONOR ZHANG Ji