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Statistical Research in Psychology
Statistical Research in Psychology
Tiffany Fisher
GEN 315
Abstract
Many students, including myself, are unaware how important statistics can be to the research
process in Psychology. In this report, I will discuss the method used to perform researches as well
as the forms of data used through statistic in Psychology. This will include the advantages and
disadvantages of each form used.
Introduction
Many studying Psychology might be shocked that statistics is a requirement. It is vital to understand
statistics and how it relates when performing research. Many methods have been developed when
researching a subject, most commonly known and used is the scientific method. The scientific
method is a four–step process to ensure accuracy...show more content...
In some cases, primary data is the only form of data available. On the other hand, primary data
requires additional time so time management is vital. Also, a large amount of resources are
required, a high amount of labor is also required, and often collecting primary data can be
cumbersome requiring some amount of skills. Primary data is a good source due to its reliability,
focus, and significant amount of control of information. (Hossain, 2012)
Secondary Data
Secondary data is collected from various sources and not collected directly from the researcher.
Some examples of secondary data are books, magazines, websites, journals, and government
publications. It is important to consider that since this data is collected from other sources that the
focus may be swayed and may fail to meet all objectives in the current study. Secondary data is
helpful due to the fewer resources required as well as being more time efficient. Having many
resources also provide reliability and assist in comparing and understanding the data. It is more
difficult to ensure the accuracy of the data collected as well as difficult to find information related to
the current study. Additional carefulness is required to ensure the characteristics match the current
study. (Hossain, 2012)
Conclusion
Each research should have a basis on how the process is performed to ensure that the conclusion and
information learned is accurate and appropriate.
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Forensic Psychology Research Paper
Forensic Psychology is a vast, diverse field that offers a great opportunity to serve one's
community in the most productive of ways. Forensic Psychology can be used to help solve and
prevent crimes from happening. The field of psychology is often focused on the criminals
themselves. "Professionals in this field are often given the responsibilities of trying to figure out why
certain people commit crimes; what type of person committed a crime; and how to prevent people
from committing crimes"(Pakes27). It is early in its field and use but is growing and has a constant
demand in the work place. Forensic Psychology seeks to gain an insight into the nature of the
criminal and troubled mind by corresponding with serial killers, convicted sex offenders,...show more
content...
The call for consultation, research, and clinical practice of the law will continuously be a demand
in the post industrialized society that we live in. New laws and innovative ways to deal with
juvenile offenders are also starting to become popular areas of practice and offer new positions to
people coming out of school.
Forensic psychology is a diverse field of study that really focuses on studying the mind and the
cause of such violent and horrific acts in our society that we face today. Without them we as a
people could not comprehend why some people in our world can act in such a way. They offer
answers to the mind in a way that scientists or even doctors cannot. They understand that the human
mind is complex, hard to understand, and in some certain times even dangerous. Forensic
psychology is the key to understanding the flaws that plague our
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Ethics And Social Psychology Research
Ethics are a fundamentally crucial topic in social psychology research. Ethics encompass essential
guidelines and codes of conduct that is taken into consideration before carrying out research.
Although undergraduate and graduate curriculum in psychology acquaints students with the basic
nature of ethical considerations and codes of conduct in research, however, it is likely that some
of the most famous experiments in social psychology such as experiment by Stanley Milgram on
"Behavioral Study of Obedience" exemplify ethical misconduct. However, with the publishing of
the first American Psychological Association Code of Ethics (APA, 2010), controversial and
unethical experiments such as the Stanley Milgram Obedience Experiment have been scrutinized.
Also, the appropriate regulatory body such as APA for psychological experiment provides
guidelines and enforce appropriate ways of conducting research and practicing the different aspects
of the psychological profession in retrospect to ethics. However, psychological research remain
predispose to controversial experimental techniques and designs due to the manner in which the
research questions are formulated ( ). Hence, in forming a research question and recruiting human
subject, it is critical that I abide by the set of mandatory codes of conduct of either those of my
university board or, later in my career, those of the APA I belong to in my professional obligation.
According to APA (2010), mandatory Ethical standards exists
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Psychology Applied to Everyday Life
Andrew Handler
12/12/2012
Psychology
Final Paper Psychology Applied to Everyday Life Psychology can be applied to everyday life in
many ways. The three main ways Psychology applies to my life is through motivation and emotion,
Stress and health and Psychological therapies. These topics of psychology are the ones that best
describe my life. When most people think of psychology they think of therapists and psychological
disorders. Psychology is much more than that and applies to everyone's life in some form. The first
way that Psychology applies to my life is the Motivation and Emotion part of it. Motivation is what
drives you to conduct some type of activity. For example if someone is thirsty then they have to get
up go somewhere...show more content...
Also my body would never look the same with cause even more stress. Because of the physical
and emotional stress I was under from the wreck it effected both my physical and emotional
health as well. That is how stress and health relate to to my life. The last way that psychology
applies to my life is through Psychological therapies. The goal of physiological therapies is to help
people function in everyday life more efficiently. Therapies are helpful for virtually anyone. Even
if you do not have a Psychological problem having a therapist you can trust and talk to can be very
helpful for anyone. When I was younger I was very irritable and stressed out all the time. I always
felt like I was not as good as everyone else but the way I acted it seemed that I thought I was better
than everyone else. Around the time of this I was on a Select baseball team and the coach was
very hard on us. We would practice weekday after school for three hours. This was very stressful
and mad me not have time for anything else this is what contributed to most of the stress I was
under. I then went to see a Therapist which as a kid I thought was not going to help. Also I did not
want my friends to know I was going to a therapist because I was afraid they would make fun of
me. However, once I started going to meet with him occasionally I could talk about anything and I
felt like I could trust him with whatever I said. Eventually I got to the point to where I
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How To Write A Fieldwork Reflection
Erna Ananna Professor Gefen CEDF 710, Educational Psychology Date: 17th December, 2014
Fieldwork Reflection I.Introduction: Few weeks ago, I had an opportunity to observe a fifth
grade inclusive classroom in P.S. 146, Anna M. Short School which is located in the Upper East
Side of Manhattan. They had a total of 32 students where 16 of them are boys and 16 of them are
girls. The class has collaborative teaching system. One of the class teachers is specialized on
Special Education. They have total 18 IEP students including one physically disabled student.
Most of the students are either Hispanic or Black. There is only one Asian and one white student.
They also have an assistant teacher who is always involved with the students who needs extra
help. What attracted my eyes right after I entered the classroom is the decorations of the
classroom. The walls are mostly decorated with educational contents, such as, Vocabulary chart,
Number line chart, Literacy chart of student responses etc. In one side of the room, the small
portion of the wall has charts related to student participation, student employers and few more
useful things. The desks are arranged into 6 groups. They are named as, John Jay, City College,
Hunter College, NYU, Columbia University and St. Johns. The class gives a caring environment
feelings right after you enter to the class. The teachers and the assistant really did a good job to
give their students a home like feelings. In the back of the class, they have
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Ethics in Psychology Essay
Ethics in Psychology Our country was founded on certain moral principles. The moral principles
which guide our lives are referred to as ethics. These ethics have an impact on how we interact
with the world around us and shape our personalities; this happens even if we do not realize their
immediate impact. It is for this very reason that ethics in psychological research became necessary.
"One may also define ethics as a method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for
analyzing complex problems and issues" (Resnik, 2011). We are expected to behave or be treated a
particular way in society, therefore we should be granted certain ethical treatments in regards to
research. Human Participants According to the American...show more content...
Animal Subjects This is a sensitive issue area in regards to research. There are many types of
research that just are not feasible to do with human subjects; therefore the justification for
non–human animals come into the experiment. Even though there are many benefits to using
animals, many animal rights groups maintain strong opposition to using animals for research. This
is why the APA has developed the Committee on Animal Research and Ethics (CARE). It is the
responsibility of CARE to audit that all ethics regarding animal usage is followed ("Committee on
animal," 2014). Due to the sensitivity of testing on animals the APA has developed very strict
standards regarding usage of animals as subjects. They range from justification, housing of said
animal, acquisition, and procedures. These requirements outline absolute necessity in order to
reduce the unnecessary usage of animals in testing. Therapy relationships with clients. The
psychologist to patient relationship during therapy is a crucial aspect. It is within ethical guidelines
that the psychologist clearly establish his role whether it be with an individual, group, or family
therapist. These roles need to be understood for the variety of issues that may arise; one of which is
the disclosure of information. Psychologists, for obvious reasons, are not to have sexual
relationships with patients or former patients within a
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The Field of Psychology
Psychology is a discipline of social science that encompasses nearly every aspect of the human
experience. The field of psychology addresses the entire gamut of human behavior and the
complexities of emotion. Issues related to perception and cognition are included in psychological
research. Neurobiology and neurophysiology also fall under the rubric of psychology. At the same
time, psychology embraces less quantifiable variables in the human experience, such as emotional
responses and altered states of consciousness. Because psychology is a broad field, it exhibits a
great degree of overlap with other social science disciplines ranging from anthropology to business
and marketing.
In addition to the diversity of subject matter studied by psychologists, there are also numerous
methodological approaches to each area of psychological research. For example, addiction is a
major area of psychological research. Addiction can be examined from a biological approach, a
family systems approach, a behavioral approach, a cognitive approach, or a humanistic approach.
These various approaches to psychological research are rooted in theoretical viewpoints.
Psychological theories include behaviorism, humanism, and social learning. Moreover, the different
psychological theories are not always incompatible with one another. Psychological research is made
more robust and reliable because of its diversity.
The goals of psychological research tend to focus on helping people or enhancing
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Psychology Interview Essay
I decided to interview someone in the Psychology field. Psychology is in the College of Arts and
Sciences. I am attracted to this major because I am currently taking an Introduction to Psychology
course, and so far it is very interesting to me so far. It also allows me to pursue the mental health
aspect of it. According to my Strong Interest Inventory, I rank high in the investigative theme which
is the science interest part of it. Then one of my top ten recommended occupations is a mental health
counselor. That's why I chose Psychology is my major of choice. I interviewed a friend of one of
my friends. I was talking to her about this assignment, and she recommended one of her friends.
Rachel was the name of the person I interviewed and she...show more content...
As I stated earlier, I have an interest in the mental health services area. Rachel is going into the Law
enforcement and Criminal Investigation field, which involves a Psychology major. Other areas I
found interesting included Art therapy, Case management, and Counseling. A person with a
Psychology major can explore many different fields of work, depending on their interest.
Rachel gave quite a few examples of the many different minors, activities, and experiences someone
can partake in. She discussed that, depending on what the person is doing, they can often double
major. Rachel was thinking of double majoring in Psychology and Criminal Justice. She mentioned
that people who are in Pre–med often get a degree in Psychology. There are a few certificates she
mentioned. The two I listed were the clinical certificate and neuroscience certificate. She said that
these can come in handy for people interested in that field. She told me that there are quite a few
clubs. She mentioned the Psych club, Cognitive science club, and the Neuroscience club are great
to participate in for Psych majors. Volunteer work is very good on a resume especially if it is
related to counseling. Rachel also mentioned that joining research labs are a great way to gain
experience. Research assistants are essential for someone who wants to attend grad school. She
mentioned that many students who attend grad school are involved in some kind of
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Essay on my interest in psychology
my interest in psychology
I have always been intrigued by the mental processes of humans and animals. As a young child and
into adolescence, as a student and teacher and as a caregiver, I have always been interested in
psychology in one form or another. This essay will reflect not only the development of my interest
in psychology, but the development of myself as a person.
I was born into a family with Native American heritage that practiced a strict protestant religion. As
a child, I would often wonder why people's attitudes, behaviors and beliefs could be so different
from one another. I wondered why some people believed in things with great zeal, yet other people
believed the contrary just as vehemently....show more content...
I then went back to school with more determination and plunged myself into more psychology
classes.
In these classes, I found myself naturally drawn to the topics of research methods and statistics.
These two academic areas in particular provided an environment in which I was able to develop and
excercise my naturally analytical way of thinking. I then geared my undergraduate education towards
learning to perform research in psychology by taking more research and science based psychology
classes. Additionally, I sought out and obtained research assistantships with professors of cognition,
physiological and clinical psychology. Specifically, I have been a primary research assistant for an
investigation of the effect of irony on recall and recognition, an investigation of the performance of
children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on a computer
anticipation task, and an investigation of the effect of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on ADHD–like
behavior in laboratory rats. I have also assisted in literature reviews in the area of receptive
language and Autism, as well as a review on sleep and genetics. In addition, I have been a
participant recruiter for a research project on familial inheritance of depression and REM sleep
abnormalities. For complete information, please see my attached curriculum vitae.
While taking research–based courses, I found that I had another natural inclination:
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Psychological Research: APA Guidelines
APA guidelines have shaped psychological research through their foundation of certain rules and
through the way that researchers are required to express their written information regarding their
writing style, the composition of their content, how their references are cited, and how to arrange
publication manuscripts (Seas & Brizee, 2012). Seas and Brizee (2012) are listed as contributors
for Purdue's APA style workshop and affirm that APA style is used in order to present the audience
with key concepts which they are able to use to comprehend the researcher's information in a more
effective manner and also to pinpoint material that is significant to them. These researchers also
express that a researcher can authenticate their ethos, or credibility, in psychology by validating that
they are aware of their readers and the needs their readers require as...show more content...
Seas and Brizee (2012) also articulate in their workshop that APA style also permits the audience to
concentrate more on the ideas a researcher has by not diverting their attention with formatting they
are not accustomed to. American Psychologist (2014) states that it is important that APA guidelines
remain current and the articles created are extensively utilized by researchers, practicing clinicians,
educational institutions, training sites here in the United States as well as internationally. The
journal also expresses that these guidelines are widely used by different professions such as
marriage and family therapists, prosecutors, social workers, specialists who are associated with the
attribute of psychological assistances, and those who deal closely with providers' conduct. Through
all of these guidelines, psychology has taken a new form and has also been given new meaning.
Analysis of Milgram's obedience study on current APA guidelines Milgram's obedience study has
been around for decades and still holds up its reputation as one of the better
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Psychological Research And Its Impact On Society
Drawing on examples from chapters 3, 4 and 8 of Investigating Psychology, examine and assess
the extent to which psychological research is of value to society. Psychological research describes
investigations psychologists undertake in order to review and analyse a specific hypothesis, (a
theory about the relationship between defined variables). Research allows theories to be confirmed,
amended or rejected and often leads to further research as requirements evolve. Psychological
research can take many forms, from laboratory based experiments to non–invasive viewing of
subjects in their own environment. This research can take place using human or non–human subjects
and the analysed results applied to human behaviour or experience within many disciplines
including, education, legal or occupational. Psychological research may be undertaken on a
subset of society; however the importance of the results may have an effect way beyond the group
tested. The value of psychological research varies and the same results can be used in different
ways by different groups of society. I will be looking at three areas of psychological research that
affect the way we interact with and can be affected by technological advances. These pieces of
research were not undertaken as a result of current hypotheses, but were the early examples of
research within their areas and led onto further research. I will be showing how psychological
research can provide awareness, can be used to manipulate
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Essay on Psychology Class Reflection
Over the course of this class I have pieced together many things about my own life that before
went unnoticed. I am now able to see things in a bit of a different light. Now that I have been
introduced to the realm of psychology I understand some of the reasons for behavior around me. I
have learned that there is a reason for most everything and a lot of our behaviors and mental
processes can be explained through psychology. Studies have been conducted for many years to try
and pinpoint the source of our behavior and it is not something that most people think about every
day. Having a better understanding of why we operate the way we do will help me to better
understand myself and the others around me. Our behavior at...show more content...
role confusion stage. (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2009) It is a coping mechanism that probably stems
from his childhood in some way. This is just one example of how I am seeing the world from a
more psychological perspective. I now try and form some theory about abnormal behavior rather
that just shrugging it off. While I have not really had any experience with anyone with any very
serious psychological conditions I see now that there is much more than meets the eye when it
comes to their behavior. There is typically some sort of explanation that can be found in
psychology and I think if everyone had a basic understanding of psychology they would
understand the abnormal behavior a little better. After this introduction to psychology I can now
also better understand my behavior and understand the things that are affecting my life. There are
certain aspects in my life that limit me from making the choices I may prefer to make. I have
obligations and responsibilities that I must maintain in order to provide a decent life for my
family. There is much at stake for me and I cannot always just do whatever it is that I would like
to do. As a child I was raised in a house where honesty was the key. It has been instilled in my life
and to this day I know the right thing to do is to be honest. My parents were very good at
instilling a since of honor in me. I am still not sure how they did it but I know it affected the
decisions that I made and make today. I was always
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Psychological Research On Mental Health
Psychological research has had a fundamental impact on mental health in the UK, for instance, it
has ignited new treatments and made the practices of organisations like the NHS more efficient.
However, some may critique the impact research has actually had, for example, the change that has
actually occurred because of research. Looking at the impact of research is vital because surely one
of the main aims of research is to positively benefit patient's lives. It means changes in the practices
of health organisations are well–informed resulting in effective changes, improving efficiency of
health organisations. There has been much research carried out into the stigma of mental health
disorders, biological causes e.g. role of dopamine in schizophrenia and new therapies that have
emerged– which will all be assessed.
Stigma surrounds mental illness even in contemporary society. Research has aimed to reduce this.
World Health Organisation (WHO; 2012) have stated that such stigma is a "hidden human rights
emergency".
Barrier studies show that stigma is the fourth highest barrier to seeking help (Clement et al, 2014)
proving why it is fundamental to research stigma.
A positive impact of research is that it has led to changes in legislation. The Equality Act 2010 has
made it illegal to discriminate against those with mental health disorders in education, the workplace,
transport and public services. Research has signposted the rights of those with mental disorders,
giving them
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Psychological Research And Deception Essay
It is known that in a psychological research, deception is one of the most popular ethical issues
discussed. The author will confer whether deceiving participants in a psychological experiment is
deemed a wrongful act or may contribute to the experiment. This assignment will identify reasons
for and against this statement. Initially the author will define the term deception and explain the
principles that are applied to a psychological research experiment. The question that will be
addressed throughout this assignment is: "Should participants ever be deceived concerning the true
nature of a psychological experiment in which they take part?" To be able to produce an answer for
this question, the author will collect and use factual evidence throughout;
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Three Psychological Research Methods Essay
Methods used in psychological research are used to obtain quantitative or qualitative data.
Quantitative data is more often than not derived from methods such as experiments and statistics
analysing data using surveys, questionnaires and interviews. Qualitative data tends not to be aimed
at finding exact measurements in its findings, but is more concerned with evidence collection and
analysis through practices such as observation and ethnography (using observations through
involvement in activities over a period of time) (Brownlow 2011).
Psychologists look for explanations for human behaviour; they reach conclusions through research
processes which attempt to explain or even predict said behaviour. Researchers strive to obtain facts
...show more content...
Therefore, the study indicated that individuals with a strict upbringing by pushy parents were most
likely to develop an authoritarian personality. It was believed that this was because the individual
was not able to express hostility towards their parents (for being strict and critical). Consequently, the
person would then displace their hostility to other people, namely those who are in a minority.
Adorno et al. concluded that people with authoritarian traits, as identified by the F–Scale, were
predisposed to having 'fascistic' characteristics such as ethnocentrism (the tendency to favour one's
own ethnic group), respect for authority figures and obsession with power (McAvoy 2010).
This method of collecting data proves that the authoritarian personality exists and the data
collected may help to explain why some people are more resistant to changing their prejudiced
views. Here, this method of psychological research proves to be reliable to a certain point as the
validity of the data collected measures what it is supposed to measure, although the participants
were not given a 'neutral response' option on the scale (McAvoy 2010). The main advantages of
using questionnaires for psychological research are that they can be practical, quick, cost–effective,
and objective and can also be collected from a large number of people relatively easily.
Questionnaires can
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Career Research Paper: Clinical Psychology
Career Research Paper: Clinical Psychology
Clinical psychology is just one of the many subfields that psychology has to offer. Those who
choose to enter clinical psychology aim to help people with addiction, emotional stress, mental
illness, or any other type of mental problems. Knowing what a clinical psychologist does in their
practice is important in understanding their profession. A clinical psychologist's education is the
most prominent part of their career; without it, they cannot be considered a psychologist. The
process and requirements of employment for psychologists are scattered, varying from state to state,
as well as their salary and where they may be employed. The future and growth of clinical
psychology can only be...show more content...
Before postgraduate work can be started, the student must receive a bachelor's in psychology and
fulfill the requirements listed for the psychology program they wish to enter. Once a bachelor's
degree is achieved, a psychology major has the choice of either obtaining their master's or their
doctorate. When earning a master's a student is accepted into the college of his or her choice, and
usually completes the program within 2 years, or longer. If a master's is earned, the student may go
on to become an assistant in a clinical setting underneath someone who has a doctorate in
psychology, but they will not be able to do any high level of work. If a student chooses to obtain a
doctorate they are again, accepted into the program of their choice, although admission is very
competitive. Once accepted into the doctorate program the student serves about 2–4 years where
they receive training and guidance in a hospital setting, but it all depends on the program they enter.
Having a doctorate in psychology will open the doors for soon–to–be clinical psychologists, and
offers a higher job title, certification, and higher pay. Whether a student chooses a master's or a
doctorate, a large amount of psychology classes must be taken. More than likely when a student is
an a doctorate program, they are required to fulfill a 1–2 year internal ship of professional
experience, as cited from
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Psychological Research Study Notes
PYC3704–– 2011 PYC3704 (2011) Psychological Research Study Notes IMPORTANT: Read
through your UNISA study guide first! п‚· Get an overview of the module and then study each Topic
individually п‚· Use this guide in conjunction with the UNISA guide– it is NOT a substitute п‚· If
you have previous question papers– PLEASE DON‟T RELY ON THESE, you need to
UNDERSTAND the content of this module if you want to pass and carry on to complete your
Honours! 1 PYC3704–– 2011 Table of Contents 1. What to memorise for the
exam............................................................................... P. 3 2. Table of
symbols.................................................................................................... P. 4 3. Basic overview of the
steps taken in research............................................................ P. 5 4. Topic 1: THEORY,
HYPOTHESIS AND...show more content...
creativity, depression, etc п‚· Created to EXPLAIN certain observations п‚· RESEARCH
DESIGNS: 1. 2. GROUPS DESIGN: Compare 2 or more POPULATION groups. E.g. Male and
Female student IQ scores CORRELATIONAL DESIGN: Look for a relationship between two or
more variables in a single sample. E.g. does stress affect your diet? ↕ Construct 3 → Construct 4 2
STEPS: From a hypothetical to an OPERATIONAL DEFINITION STEP 1: Specify the
OBSERVABLE behaviour: E.g. anxiety– sweaty palms, avoiding stress STEP 2: Formulate a
SCORE from the observable behaviour п‚· Can have different values E.g. height, IQ, stress Can
VARY in quantity/ quality Levels of Measurement 1. Nominal (categorical) 2. Ordinal (rank
ordered) 3. Interval, e.g. IQ 4. Ratio, e.g. Score– 0%–100% *Interval and Ratio can be REDUCED
to nominal, e.g. Low IQ / High IQ 2 TYPES OF VARIABLE: 1. MANIFEST: behavioural instances,
indicators, referents, etc (you can SEE them!) 2. LATENT: hidden variable, intervening,
hypothetical, factor (they are HIDDEN!) * Also we get dependent
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Psychology : Psychology And Psychology
In the future, I ultimately intend to be a psychologist. With being a psychologist, I am taking on the
responsibility on how to lead people into having an overall better life and promote positive change
for them. Psychologists often specialize in studying and examining the brain and human behavior.
That being said, psychology is a very important branch of science that attempts to help us stay sane!
Already getting started next year, I enrolled into a psychology class to get a jumpstart for when I
go into college. I chose to enroll into the psychology class because the human mind is something
that is very complex and diverse. By me taking this class, I am partially more ahead and more
taught than that of a student who doesn't take the class. And that way, when I get into the
psychology major, I have a small intake of what it is all about.
Once I'm done with taking the high school courses of psychology, I plan on going to the University
of California, Los Angeles to further continue my soon–to–be career. Researching the top ranked
colleges of the psychology major, UCLA is ranked number 2! Me being in the psychology classes
might possibly give me a better look into wanting to study at the number 2 ranked college for
psychology, so it should be a win–win situation.
In order to become a psychologist, there are certain classes that you have to enroll in. The required
classes that you have to take into having the psychology major are statistics, experimental methods
/research
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Methods Used For Psychological Research
Methods used in psychological research are used to obtain quantitative or qualitative data.
Quantitative data is more often than not derived from methods such as experiments and statistics
analyzing data using surveys, questionnaires and interviews. Qualitative data tends not to be aimed
at finding exact measurements in its findings, but is more concerned with evidence collection and
analysis through practices such as observation and ethnography (using observations through
involvement in activities over a period of time) (Brownlow 2011).
Psychologists look for explanations for human behavior; they reach conclusions through research
processes which attempt to explain or even predict said behavior. Researchers strive to obtain facts
and discover 'what' and 'why' with regards to understanding cause and effect and this research may
help to understand human cognition and memory. There are many advantages and disadvantages in
using particular methods of psychological research but this essay will examine and assess only the
advantages of three different methods of research, giving examples.
The first method we will assess is one used by Adorno et al. This quantitative method of collecting
data used a questionnaires, which they called the F–scale (F for fascism) (McAvoy 2010). Adorno
argued that certain personalities traits made individuals prone to be highly prejudicial. There is
evidence to support this claim as they also used clinical interviews revealing aspects of
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Social Psychology Research Paper
Posture can determine many things varying from physical attributes intangible attributes such as
emotional as well as social health. Posture can dictate whether or not we can become successful,
productive, and positive, or unsuccessful, unproductive, and negative. These various attributes can
drastically impact a person's life, their behavior, and the actions they make. Three various sites
elaborated on how the difference in posture can affect our daily lives; the sites include: "Your iPhone
is Ruining Your Posture– and Your Mood" by Amy Cuddy, "Posture Affects Standing, and Not Just
The Physical Kind" by Jane E. Brody, and "Erectness of Posture as an Indicator of Dominance or
Success in Humans" by Glenn E. Weisfeld and Jody M. Beresford....show more content...
Brody, and "Erectness of Posture as an Indicator of Dominance or Success in Humans" by Glenn E.
Weisfeld and Jody M. Beresford. I believe that Jane E. Brody's editorial makes the most credible
argument regarding posture and its effects on people; I believe that Brody's editorial makes the most
credible argument regarding posture and its effects on humans. Brody includes anecdotes, research
of various credible sources, such as Universities, and includes references to injuries that may impact
everyone, all while elaborating on the various negative effects of slouching (bad posture). Posture
can determine many things varying from physical attributes intangible attributes such as emotional
as well as social health. Posture can dictate whether or not we can become successful, productive,
and positive, or unsuccessful, unproductive, and negative. These various attributes can drastically
impact a person's life, their behavior, and the actions they
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Psychology Research Essay Topics

  • 1. Statistical Research in Psychology Statistical Research in Psychology Tiffany Fisher GEN 315 Abstract Many students, including myself, are unaware how important statistics can be to the research process in Psychology. In this report, I will discuss the method used to perform researches as well as the forms of data used through statistic in Psychology. This will include the advantages and disadvantages of each form used. Introduction Many studying Psychology might be shocked that statistics is a requirement. It is vital to understand statistics and how it relates when performing research. Many methods have been developed when researching a subject, most commonly known and used is the scientific method. The scientific method is a four–step process to ensure accuracy...show more content... In some cases, primary data is the only form of data available. On the other hand, primary data requires additional time so time management is vital. Also, a large amount of resources are required, a high amount of labor is also required, and often collecting primary data can be cumbersome requiring some amount of skills. Primary data is a good source due to its reliability, focus, and significant amount of control of information. (Hossain, 2012) Secondary Data Secondary data is collected from various sources and not collected directly from the researcher. Some examples of secondary data are books, magazines, websites, journals, and government publications. It is important to consider that since this data is collected from other sources that the focus may be swayed and may fail to meet all objectives in the current study. Secondary data is helpful due to the fewer resources required as well as being more time efficient. Having many resources also provide reliability and assist in comparing and understanding the data. It is more difficult to ensure the accuracy of the data collected as well as difficult to find information related to the current study. Additional carefulness is required to ensure the characteristics match the current study. (Hossain, 2012) Conclusion Each research should have a basis on how the process is performed to ensure that the conclusion and information learned is accurate and appropriate. Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 2. Forensic Psychology Research Paper Forensic Psychology is a vast, diverse field that offers a great opportunity to serve one's community in the most productive of ways. Forensic Psychology can be used to help solve and prevent crimes from happening. The field of psychology is often focused on the criminals themselves. "Professionals in this field are often given the responsibilities of trying to figure out why certain people commit crimes; what type of person committed a crime; and how to prevent people from committing crimes"(Pakes27). It is early in its field and use but is growing and has a constant demand in the work place. Forensic Psychology seeks to gain an insight into the nature of the criminal and troubled mind by corresponding with serial killers, convicted sex offenders,...show more content... The call for consultation, research, and clinical practice of the law will continuously be a demand in the post industrialized society that we live in. New laws and innovative ways to deal with juvenile offenders are also starting to become popular areas of practice and offer new positions to people coming out of school. Forensic psychology is a diverse field of study that really focuses on studying the mind and the cause of such violent and horrific acts in our society that we face today. Without them we as a people could not comprehend why some people in our world can act in such a way. They offer answers to the mind in a way that scientists or even doctors cannot. They understand that the human mind is complex, hard to understand, and in some certain times even dangerous. Forensic psychology is the key to understanding the flaws that plague our Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 3. Ethics And Social Psychology Research Ethics are a fundamentally crucial topic in social psychology research. Ethics encompass essential guidelines and codes of conduct that is taken into consideration before carrying out research. Although undergraduate and graduate curriculum in psychology acquaints students with the basic nature of ethical considerations and codes of conduct in research, however, it is likely that some of the most famous experiments in social psychology such as experiment by Stanley Milgram on "Behavioral Study of Obedience" exemplify ethical misconduct. However, with the publishing of the first American Psychological Association Code of Ethics (APA, 2010), controversial and unethical experiments such as the Stanley Milgram Obedience Experiment have been scrutinized. Also, the appropriate regulatory body such as APA for psychological experiment provides guidelines and enforce appropriate ways of conducting research and practicing the different aspects of the psychological profession in retrospect to ethics. However, psychological research remain predispose to controversial experimental techniques and designs due to the manner in which the research questions are formulated ( ). Hence, in forming a research question and recruiting human subject, it is critical that I abide by the set of mandatory codes of conduct of either those of my university board or, later in my career, those of the APA I belong to in my professional obligation. According to APA (2010), mandatory Ethical standards exists Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 4. Psychology Applied to Everyday Life Andrew Handler 12/12/2012 Psychology Final Paper Psychology Applied to Everyday Life Psychology can be applied to everyday life in many ways. The three main ways Psychology applies to my life is through motivation and emotion, Stress and health and Psychological therapies. These topics of psychology are the ones that best describe my life. When most people think of psychology they think of therapists and psychological disorders. Psychology is much more than that and applies to everyone's life in some form. The first way that Psychology applies to my life is the Motivation and Emotion part of it. Motivation is what drives you to conduct some type of activity. For example if someone is thirsty then they have to get up go somewhere...show more content... Also my body would never look the same with cause even more stress. Because of the physical and emotional stress I was under from the wreck it effected both my physical and emotional health as well. That is how stress and health relate to to my life. The last way that psychology applies to my life is through Psychological therapies. The goal of physiological therapies is to help people function in everyday life more efficiently. Therapies are helpful for virtually anyone. Even if you do not have a Psychological problem having a therapist you can trust and talk to can be very helpful for anyone. When I was younger I was very irritable and stressed out all the time. I always felt like I was not as good as everyone else but the way I acted it seemed that I thought I was better than everyone else. Around the time of this I was on a Select baseball team and the coach was very hard on us. We would practice weekday after school for three hours. This was very stressful and mad me not have time for anything else this is what contributed to most of the stress I was under. I then went to see a Therapist which as a kid I thought was not going to help. Also I did not want my friends to know I was going to a therapist because I was afraid they would make fun of me. However, once I started going to meet with him occasionally I could talk about anything and I felt like I could trust him with whatever I said. Eventually I got to the point to where I Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 5. How To Write A Fieldwork Reflection Erna Ananna Professor Gefen CEDF 710, Educational Psychology Date: 17th December, 2014 Fieldwork Reflection I.Introduction: Few weeks ago, I had an opportunity to observe a fifth grade inclusive classroom in P.S. 146, Anna M. Short School which is located in the Upper East Side of Manhattan. They had a total of 32 students where 16 of them are boys and 16 of them are girls. The class has collaborative teaching system. One of the class teachers is specialized on Special Education. They have total 18 IEP students including one physically disabled student. Most of the students are either Hispanic or Black. There is only one Asian and one white student. They also have an assistant teacher who is always involved with the students who needs extra help. What attracted my eyes right after I entered the classroom is the decorations of the classroom. The walls are mostly decorated with educational contents, such as, Vocabulary chart, Number line chart, Literacy chart of student responses etc. In one side of the room, the small portion of the wall has charts related to student participation, student employers and few more useful things. The desks are arranged into 6 groups. They are named as, John Jay, City College, Hunter College, NYU, Columbia University and St. Johns. The class gives a caring environment feelings right after you enter to the class. The teachers and the assistant really did a good job to give their students a home like feelings. In the back of the class, they have Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 6. Ethics in Psychology Essay Ethics in Psychology Our country was founded on certain moral principles. The moral principles which guide our lives are referred to as ethics. These ethics have an impact on how we interact with the world around us and shape our personalities; this happens even if we do not realize their immediate impact. It is for this very reason that ethics in psychological research became necessary. "One may also define ethics as a method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issues" (Resnik, 2011). We are expected to behave or be treated a particular way in society, therefore we should be granted certain ethical treatments in regards to research. Human Participants According to the American...show more content... Animal Subjects This is a sensitive issue area in regards to research. There are many types of research that just are not feasible to do with human subjects; therefore the justification for non–human animals come into the experiment. Even though there are many benefits to using animals, many animal rights groups maintain strong opposition to using animals for research. This is why the APA has developed the Committee on Animal Research and Ethics (CARE). It is the responsibility of CARE to audit that all ethics regarding animal usage is followed ("Committee on animal," 2014). Due to the sensitivity of testing on animals the APA has developed very strict standards regarding usage of animals as subjects. They range from justification, housing of said animal, acquisition, and procedures. These requirements outline absolute necessity in order to reduce the unnecessary usage of animals in testing. Therapy relationships with clients. The psychologist to patient relationship during therapy is a crucial aspect. It is within ethical guidelines that the psychologist clearly establish his role whether it be with an individual, group, or family therapist. These roles need to be understood for the variety of issues that may arise; one of which is the disclosure of information. Psychologists, for obvious reasons, are not to have sexual relationships with patients or former patients within a Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 7. The Field of Psychology Psychology is a discipline of social science that encompasses nearly every aspect of the human experience. The field of psychology addresses the entire gamut of human behavior and the complexities of emotion. Issues related to perception and cognition are included in psychological research. Neurobiology and neurophysiology also fall under the rubric of psychology. At the same time, psychology embraces less quantifiable variables in the human experience, such as emotional responses and altered states of consciousness. Because psychology is a broad field, it exhibits a great degree of overlap with other social science disciplines ranging from anthropology to business and marketing. In addition to the diversity of subject matter studied by psychologists, there are also numerous methodological approaches to each area of psychological research. For example, addiction is a major area of psychological research. Addiction can be examined from a biological approach, a family systems approach, a behavioral approach, a cognitive approach, or a humanistic approach. These various approaches to psychological research are rooted in theoretical viewpoints. Psychological theories include behaviorism, humanism, and social learning. Moreover, the different psychological theories are not always incompatible with one another. Psychological research is made more robust and reliable because of its diversity. The goals of psychological research tend to focus on helping people or enhancing Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 8. Psychology Interview Essay I decided to interview someone in the Psychology field. Psychology is in the College of Arts and Sciences. I am attracted to this major because I am currently taking an Introduction to Psychology course, and so far it is very interesting to me so far. It also allows me to pursue the mental health aspect of it. According to my Strong Interest Inventory, I rank high in the investigative theme which is the science interest part of it. Then one of my top ten recommended occupations is a mental health counselor. That's why I chose Psychology is my major of choice. I interviewed a friend of one of my friends. I was talking to her about this assignment, and she recommended one of her friends. Rachel was the name of the person I interviewed and she...show more content... As I stated earlier, I have an interest in the mental health services area. Rachel is going into the Law enforcement and Criminal Investigation field, which involves a Psychology major. Other areas I found interesting included Art therapy, Case management, and Counseling. A person with a Psychology major can explore many different fields of work, depending on their interest. Rachel gave quite a few examples of the many different minors, activities, and experiences someone can partake in. She discussed that, depending on what the person is doing, they can often double major. Rachel was thinking of double majoring in Psychology and Criminal Justice. She mentioned that people who are in Pre–med often get a degree in Psychology. There are a few certificates she mentioned. The two I listed were the clinical certificate and neuroscience certificate. She said that these can come in handy for people interested in that field. She told me that there are quite a few clubs. She mentioned the Psych club, Cognitive science club, and the Neuroscience club are great to participate in for Psych majors. Volunteer work is very good on a resume especially if it is related to counseling. Rachel also mentioned that joining research labs are a great way to gain experience. Research assistants are essential for someone who wants to attend grad school. She mentioned that many students who attend grad school are involved in some kind of Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 9. Essay on my interest in psychology my interest in psychology I have always been intrigued by the mental processes of humans and animals. As a young child and into adolescence, as a student and teacher and as a caregiver, I have always been interested in psychology in one form or another. This essay will reflect not only the development of my interest in psychology, but the development of myself as a person. I was born into a family with Native American heritage that practiced a strict protestant religion. As a child, I would often wonder why people's attitudes, behaviors and beliefs could be so different from one another. I wondered why some people believed in things with great zeal, yet other people believed the contrary just as vehemently....show more content... I then went back to school with more determination and plunged myself into more psychology classes. In these classes, I found myself naturally drawn to the topics of research methods and statistics. These two academic areas in particular provided an environment in which I was able to develop and excercise my naturally analytical way of thinking. I then geared my undergraduate education towards learning to perform research in psychology by taking more research and science based psychology classes. Additionally, I sought out and obtained research assistantships with professors of cognition, physiological and clinical psychology. Specifically, I have been a primary research assistant for an investigation of the effect of irony on recall and recognition, an investigation of the performance of children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) on a computer anticipation task, and an investigation of the effect of Polychlorinated Biphenyls on ADHD–like behavior in laboratory rats. I have also assisted in literature reviews in the area of receptive language and Autism, as well as a review on sleep and genetics. In addition, I have been a participant recruiter for a research project on familial inheritance of depression and REM sleep abnormalities. For complete information, please see my attached curriculum vitae. While taking research–based courses, I found that I had another natural inclination:
  • 10. Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 11. Psychological Research: APA Guidelines APA guidelines have shaped psychological research through their foundation of certain rules and through the way that researchers are required to express their written information regarding their writing style, the composition of their content, how their references are cited, and how to arrange publication manuscripts (Seas & Brizee, 2012). Seas and Brizee (2012) are listed as contributors for Purdue's APA style workshop and affirm that APA style is used in order to present the audience with key concepts which they are able to use to comprehend the researcher's information in a more effective manner and also to pinpoint material that is significant to them. These researchers also express that a researcher can authenticate their ethos, or credibility, in psychology by validating that they are aware of their readers and the needs their readers require as...show more content... Seas and Brizee (2012) also articulate in their workshop that APA style also permits the audience to concentrate more on the ideas a researcher has by not diverting their attention with formatting they are not accustomed to. American Psychologist (2014) states that it is important that APA guidelines remain current and the articles created are extensively utilized by researchers, practicing clinicians, educational institutions, training sites here in the United States as well as internationally. The journal also expresses that these guidelines are widely used by different professions such as marriage and family therapists, prosecutors, social workers, specialists who are associated with the attribute of psychological assistances, and those who deal closely with providers' conduct. Through all of these guidelines, psychology has taken a new form and has also been given new meaning. Analysis of Milgram's obedience study on current APA guidelines Milgram's obedience study has been around for decades and still holds up its reputation as one of the better Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 12. Psychological Research And Its Impact On Society Drawing on examples from chapters 3, 4 and 8 of Investigating Psychology, examine and assess the extent to which psychological research is of value to society. Psychological research describes investigations psychologists undertake in order to review and analyse a specific hypothesis, (a theory about the relationship between defined variables). Research allows theories to be confirmed, amended or rejected and often leads to further research as requirements evolve. Psychological research can take many forms, from laboratory based experiments to non–invasive viewing of subjects in their own environment. This research can take place using human or non–human subjects and the analysed results applied to human behaviour or experience within many disciplines including, education, legal or occupational. Psychological research may be undertaken on a subset of society; however the importance of the results may have an effect way beyond the group tested. The value of psychological research varies and the same results can be used in different ways by different groups of society. I will be looking at three areas of psychological research that affect the way we interact with and can be affected by technological advances. These pieces of research were not undertaken as a result of current hypotheses, but were the early examples of research within their areas and led onto further research. I will be showing how psychological research can provide awareness, can be used to manipulate Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 13. Essay on Psychology Class Reflection Over the course of this class I have pieced together many things about my own life that before went unnoticed. I am now able to see things in a bit of a different light. Now that I have been introduced to the realm of psychology I understand some of the reasons for behavior around me. I have learned that there is a reason for most everything and a lot of our behaviors and mental processes can be explained through psychology. Studies have been conducted for many years to try and pinpoint the source of our behavior and it is not something that most people think about every day. Having a better understanding of why we operate the way we do will help me to better understand myself and the others around me. Our behavior at...show more content... role confusion stage. (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2009) It is a coping mechanism that probably stems from his childhood in some way. This is just one example of how I am seeing the world from a more psychological perspective. I now try and form some theory about abnormal behavior rather that just shrugging it off. While I have not really had any experience with anyone with any very serious psychological conditions I see now that there is much more than meets the eye when it comes to their behavior. There is typically some sort of explanation that can be found in psychology and I think if everyone had a basic understanding of psychology they would understand the abnormal behavior a little better. After this introduction to psychology I can now also better understand my behavior and understand the things that are affecting my life. There are certain aspects in my life that limit me from making the choices I may prefer to make. I have obligations and responsibilities that I must maintain in order to provide a decent life for my family. There is much at stake for me and I cannot always just do whatever it is that I would like to do. As a child I was raised in a house where honesty was the key. It has been instilled in my life and to this day I know the right thing to do is to be honest. My parents were very good at instilling a since of honor in me. I am still not sure how they did it but I know it affected the decisions that I made and make today. I was always Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 14. Psychological Research On Mental Health Psychological research has had a fundamental impact on mental health in the UK, for instance, it has ignited new treatments and made the practices of organisations like the NHS more efficient. However, some may critique the impact research has actually had, for example, the change that has actually occurred because of research. Looking at the impact of research is vital because surely one of the main aims of research is to positively benefit patient's lives. It means changes in the practices of health organisations are well–informed resulting in effective changes, improving efficiency of health organisations. There has been much research carried out into the stigma of mental health disorders, biological causes e.g. role of dopamine in schizophrenia and new therapies that have emerged– which will all be assessed. Stigma surrounds mental illness even in contemporary society. Research has aimed to reduce this. World Health Organisation (WHO; 2012) have stated that such stigma is a "hidden human rights emergency". Barrier studies show that stigma is the fourth highest barrier to seeking help (Clement et al, 2014) proving why it is fundamental to research stigma. A positive impact of research is that it has led to changes in legislation. The Equality Act 2010 has made it illegal to discriminate against those with mental health disorders in education, the workplace, transport and public services. Research has signposted the rights of those with mental disorders, giving them Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 15. Psychological Research And Deception Essay It is known that in a psychological research, deception is one of the most popular ethical issues discussed. The author will confer whether deceiving participants in a psychological experiment is deemed a wrongful act or may contribute to the experiment. This assignment will identify reasons for and against this statement. Initially the author will define the term deception and explain the principles that are applied to a psychological research experiment. The question that will be addressed throughout this assignment is: "Should participants ever be deceived concerning the true nature of a psychological experiment in which they take part?" To be able to produce an answer for this question, the author will collect and use factual evidence throughout; Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 16. Three Psychological Research Methods Essay Methods used in psychological research are used to obtain quantitative or qualitative data. Quantitative data is more often than not derived from methods such as experiments and statistics analysing data using surveys, questionnaires and interviews. Qualitative data tends not to be aimed at finding exact measurements in its findings, but is more concerned with evidence collection and analysis through practices such as observation and ethnography (using observations through involvement in activities over a period of time) (Brownlow 2011). Psychologists look for explanations for human behaviour; they reach conclusions through research processes which attempt to explain or even predict said behaviour. Researchers strive to obtain facts ...show more content... Therefore, the study indicated that individuals with a strict upbringing by pushy parents were most likely to develop an authoritarian personality. It was believed that this was because the individual was not able to express hostility towards their parents (for being strict and critical). Consequently, the person would then displace their hostility to other people, namely those who are in a minority. Adorno et al. concluded that people with authoritarian traits, as identified by the F–Scale, were predisposed to having 'fascistic' characteristics such as ethnocentrism (the tendency to favour one's own ethnic group), respect for authority figures and obsession with power (McAvoy 2010). This method of collecting data proves that the authoritarian personality exists and the data collected may help to explain why some people are more resistant to changing their prejudiced views. Here, this method of psychological research proves to be reliable to a certain point as the validity of the data collected measures what it is supposed to measure, although the participants were not given a 'neutral response' option on the scale (McAvoy 2010). The main advantages of using questionnaires for psychological research are that they can be practical, quick, cost–effective, and objective and can also be collected from a large number of people relatively easily. Questionnaires can Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 17. Career Research Paper: Clinical Psychology Career Research Paper: Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology is just one of the many subfields that psychology has to offer. Those who choose to enter clinical psychology aim to help people with addiction, emotional stress, mental illness, or any other type of mental problems. Knowing what a clinical psychologist does in their practice is important in understanding their profession. A clinical psychologist's education is the most prominent part of their career; without it, they cannot be considered a psychologist. The process and requirements of employment for psychologists are scattered, varying from state to state, as well as their salary and where they may be employed. The future and growth of clinical psychology can only be...show more content... Before postgraduate work can be started, the student must receive a bachelor's in psychology and fulfill the requirements listed for the psychology program they wish to enter. Once a bachelor's degree is achieved, a psychology major has the choice of either obtaining their master's or their doctorate. When earning a master's a student is accepted into the college of his or her choice, and usually completes the program within 2 years, or longer. If a master's is earned, the student may go on to become an assistant in a clinical setting underneath someone who has a doctorate in psychology, but they will not be able to do any high level of work. If a student chooses to obtain a doctorate they are again, accepted into the program of their choice, although admission is very competitive. Once accepted into the doctorate program the student serves about 2–4 years where they receive training and guidance in a hospital setting, but it all depends on the program they enter. Having a doctorate in psychology will open the doors for soon–to–be clinical psychologists, and offers a higher job title, certification, and higher pay. Whether a student chooses a master's or a doctorate, a large amount of psychology classes must be taken. More than likely when a student is an a doctorate program, they are required to fulfill a 1–2 year internal ship of professional experience, as cited from Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 18. Psychological Research Study Notes PYC3704–– 2011 PYC3704 (2011) Psychological Research Study Notes IMPORTANT: Read through your UNISA study guide first! п‚· Get an overview of the module and then study each Topic individually п‚· Use this guide in conjunction with the UNISA guide– it is NOT a substitute п‚· If you have previous question papers– PLEASE DON‟T RELY ON THESE, you need to UNDERSTAND the content of this module if you want to pass and carry on to complete your Honours! 1 PYC3704–– 2011 Table of Contents 1. What to memorise for the exam............................................................................... P. 3 2. Table of symbols.................................................................................................... P. 4 3. Basic overview of the steps taken in research............................................................ P. 5 4. Topic 1: THEORY, HYPOTHESIS AND...show more content... creativity, depression, etc п‚· Created to EXPLAIN certain observations п‚· RESEARCH DESIGNS: 1. 2. GROUPS DESIGN: Compare 2 or more POPULATION groups. E.g. Male and Female student IQ scores CORRELATIONAL DESIGN: Look for a relationship between two or more variables in a single sample. E.g. does stress affect your diet? ↕ Construct 3 в†’ Construct 4 2 STEPS: From a hypothetical to an OPERATIONAL DEFINITION STEP 1: Specify the OBSERVABLE behaviour: E.g. anxiety– sweaty palms, avoiding stress STEP 2: Formulate a SCORE from the observable behaviour п‚· Can have different values E.g. height, IQ, stress Can VARY in quantity/ quality Levels of Measurement 1. Nominal (categorical) 2. Ordinal (rank ordered) 3. Interval, e.g. IQ 4. Ratio, e.g. Score– 0%–100% *Interval and Ratio can be REDUCED to nominal, e.g. Low IQ / High IQ 2 TYPES OF VARIABLE: 1. MANIFEST: behavioural instances, indicators, referents, etc (you can SEE them!) 2. LATENT: hidden variable, intervening, hypothetical, factor (they are HIDDEN!) * Also we get dependent Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 19. Psychology : Psychology And Psychology In the future, I ultimately intend to be a psychologist. With being a psychologist, I am taking on the responsibility on how to lead people into having an overall better life and promote positive change for them. Psychologists often specialize in studying and examining the brain and human behavior. That being said, psychology is a very important branch of science that attempts to help us stay sane! Already getting started next year, I enrolled into a psychology class to get a jumpstart for when I go into college. I chose to enroll into the psychology class because the human mind is something that is very complex and diverse. By me taking this class, I am partially more ahead and more taught than that of a student who doesn't take the class. And that way, when I get into the psychology major, I have a small intake of what it is all about. Once I'm done with taking the high school courses of psychology, I plan on going to the University of California, Los Angeles to further continue my soon–to–be career. Researching the top ranked colleges of the psychology major, UCLA is ranked number 2! Me being in the psychology classes might possibly give me a better look into wanting to study at the number 2 ranked college for psychology, so it should be a win–win situation. In order to become a psychologist, there are certain classes that you have to enroll in. The required classes that you have to take into having the psychology major are statistics, experimental methods /research Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 20. Methods Used For Psychological Research Methods used in psychological research are used to obtain quantitative or qualitative data. Quantitative data is more often than not derived from methods such as experiments and statistics analyzing data using surveys, questionnaires and interviews. Qualitative data tends not to be aimed at finding exact measurements in its findings, but is more concerned with evidence collection and analysis through practices such as observation and ethnography (using observations through involvement in activities over a period of time) (Brownlow 2011). Psychologists look for explanations for human behavior; they reach conclusions through research processes which attempt to explain or even predict said behavior. Researchers strive to obtain facts and discover 'what' and 'why' with regards to understanding cause and effect and this research may help to understand human cognition and memory. There are many advantages and disadvantages in using particular methods of psychological research but this essay will examine and assess only the advantages of three different methods of research, giving examples. The first method we will assess is one used by Adorno et al. This quantitative method of collecting data used a questionnaires, which they called the F–scale (F for fascism) (McAvoy 2010). Adorno argued that certain personalities traits made individuals prone to be highly prejudicial. There is evidence to support this claim as they also used clinical interviews revealing aspects of Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 21. Social Psychology Research Paper Posture can determine many things varying from physical attributes intangible attributes such as emotional as well as social health. Posture can dictate whether or not we can become successful, productive, and positive, or unsuccessful, unproductive, and negative. These various attributes can drastically impact a person's life, their behavior, and the actions they make. Three various sites elaborated on how the difference in posture can affect our daily lives; the sites include: "Your iPhone is Ruining Your Posture– and Your Mood" by Amy Cuddy, "Posture Affects Standing, and Not Just The Physical Kind" by Jane E. Brody, and "Erectness of Posture as an Indicator of Dominance or Success in Humans" by Glenn E. Weisfeld and Jody M. Beresford....show more content... Brody, and "Erectness of Posture as an Indicator of Dominance or Success in Humans" by Glenn E. Weisfeld and Jody M. Beresford. I believe that Jane E. Brody's editorial makes the most credible argument regarding posture and its effects on people; I believe that Brody's editorial makes the most credible argument regarding posture and its effects on humans. Brody includes anecdotes, research of various credible sources, such as Universities, and includes references to injuries that may impact everyone, all while elaborating on the various negative effects of slouching (bad posture). Posture can determine many things varying from physical attributes intangible attributes such as emotional as well as social health. Posture can dictate whether or not we can become successful, productive, and positive, or unsuccessful, unproductive, and negative. These various attributes can drastically impact a person's life, their behavior, and the actions they Get more content on HelpWriting.net