Tro3 lecture 05

Law of Constant Composition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Compounds Display Constant Composition ,[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Why Do Compounds Show Constant Composition? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Formulas Describe Compounds, Continued Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 Water = H 2 O  two atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen Table sugar = C 12 H 22 O 11  12 atoms of C, 22 atoms of H and 11 atoms O

Order of Elements in a Formula ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 Table 5.1 Order of Listing Nonmetals in Chemical Formulas C P N H S I Br Cl O F

Practice—Write Formulas for Each of the Following Compounds. ,[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 Fe 3 O 4 C 3 H 6 O

Molecules with Polyatomic Ions Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 Mg( NO 3 ) 2 Compound called magnesium nitrate. Ca SO 4 Compound called calcium sulfate. Symbol of the polyatomic ion called nitrate . Symbol of the polyatomic ion called sulfate . Implied “1” subscript on magnesium. Implied “1” subscript on calcium. Parentheses to group two NO 3 s. No parentheses for one SO 4 .

Molecules with Polyatomic Ions, Continued Mg( NO 3 ) 2 Compound called magnesium nitrate. Ca SO 4 Compound called calcium sulfate. Subscript indicating two NO 3 groups. No subscript indicating one SO 4 group. Implied “1” subscript on nitrogen, total 2 N. Implied “1” subscript on sulfur, total 1 S. Stated “3” subscript on oxygen, total 6 O. Stated “4” subscript on oxygen, total 4 O.

Practice—Determine the Total Number of Atoms or Ions in One Formula Unit of Each of the Following. ,[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 1 Mg + 4 C + 6 H + 4 O = 15 6 Hg + 2 P + 8 O = 16

Classifying Materials ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Molecular Elements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],H 2 Cl 2 Br 2 I 2 7 7A N 2 O 2 F 2

Molecular Compounds ,[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Ionic Compounds ,[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Molecular View of Elements and Compounds

Classify Each of the Following as Either an Atomic Element, Molecular Element, Molecular Compound, or Ionic Compound. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Classify Each of the Following as Either an Atomic Element, Molecular Element, Molecular Compound, or Ionic Compound, Continued. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Ionic Compounds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Write the Formula of a Compound Made from Aluminum Ions and Oxide Ions. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 Al +3 column 3A O 2- column 6A Al +3 O 2- Al 2 O 3 Al = (2)∙(+3) = +6 O = (3)∙(-2) = -6

Practice—What Are the Formulas for Compounds Made from the Following Ions? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Practice—What Are the Formulas for Compounds Made from the Following Ions?, Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Formula-to-Name Step 1 Is the compound one of the exceptions to the rules? Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Common Names—Exceptions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Formula-to-Name Step 2 What major class of compound is it? Ionic or Molecular? Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Major Classes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Formula-to-Name Step 3 What major subclass of compound is it? Binary Ionic, Ionic with Polyatomic Ions, Binary Molecular, Binary Acid, or Oxyacid? Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Classifying Compounds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Formula-to-Name Step 4 Apply rules for the class and subclass. Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Formula-to-Name Rules for Ionic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Monatomic Nonmetal Anion ,[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 4A = -4 5A = -3 6A = -2 7A = -1 C = Carbide N = Nitride O = Oxide F = Fluoride Si = Silicide P = Phosphide S = Sulfide Cl = Chloride

Metal Cations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 How do you know a metal cation is Type II?

Determine if the Following Metals are Type I or Type II. If Type I, Determine the Charge on the Cation it Forms. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Determine if the Following Metals are Type I or Type II. If Type I, Determine the Charge on the Cation it Forms, Continued. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Type I Binary Ionic Compounds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Binary Ionic, Type I Metal, CsF ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Binary Ionic, Type I Metal, CsF, Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Practice—Name the Following Compounds. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Practice—Name the Following Compounds, Continued. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Type II Binary Ionic Compounds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Determining the Charge on a Variable Charge Cation—Au 2 S 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Writing Formula for a Binary Ionic Compound Containing Variable Charge Metal, Manganese(IV) Sulfide ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 Mn +4 S 2- Mn +4 S 2- Mn 2 S 4 Mn = (1)∙(+4) = +4 S = (2)∙(-2) = -4 MnS 2

Practice—What Are the Formulas for Compounds Made from the Following Ions? ,[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Practice—What Are the Formulas for Compounds Made from the Following Ions?, Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Binary Ionic, Type II Metal, CuCl ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Binary Ionic, Type II Metal, CuCl, Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Practice ─ Name the Following Compounds. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Practice ─ Name the Following Compounds, Continued. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 Cl = 4( − 1) = −4 Ti = +4 = 1(4+) Br = 2( − 1) = −2 Pb = +2 = 1(2+) S = 3( − 2) = −6 Pb = +6 = 2(3+)

Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Some Common Polyatomic Ions Name Formula Acetate C 2 H 3 O 2 – Carbonate CO 3 2 – Hydrogencarbonate (aka bicarbonate) HCO 3 – Hydroxide OH – Nitrate NO 3 – Nitrite NO 2 – Chromate CrO 4 2 – Dichromate Cr 2 O 7 2 – Ammonium NH 4 + Name Formula Hypochlorite ClO – Chlorite ClO 2 – Chlorate ClO 3 – Perchlorate ClO 4 – Sulfate SO 4 2 – Sulfite SO 3 2 – Hydrogen sulfate (aka bisulfate) HSO 4 – Hydrogen sulfite (aka bisulfite) HSO 3 –

Example—Writing Formula for an Ionic Compound Containing Polyatomic Ion, Iron(III) phosphate ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 Fe +3 PO 4 3- Fe +3 PO 4 3- Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 3 Fe = (1)∙(+3) = +3 PO 4 = (1)∙(-3) = -3 FePO 4

Patterns for Polyatomic Ions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Periodic Pattern of Polyatomic Ions -ate Groups Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A BO 3 -3 NO 3 -1 SiO 3 -2 PO 4 -3 SO 4 -2 ClO 3 -1 AsO 4 -3 SeO 4 -2 BrO 3 -1 TeO 4 -2 IO 3 -1 CO 3 -2

Patterns for Polyatomic Ions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Ionic with Polyatomic Ion, Na 2 SO 4 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example—Naming Ionic with Polyatomic Ion, Na 2 SO 4 , Continued Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Ionic with Polyatomic Ion, Fe(NO 3 ) 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Ionic with Polyatomic Ion, Fe(NO 3 ) 3 , Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Practice─Name the Following ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Practice─Name the Following, Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 NO 3 = 2( − 1) = −2 Cu = +2 = 1(2+)

Formula-to-Name Rules for Molecular ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Binary Molecular Compounds of Two Nonmetals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Subscript—Prefixes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Binary Molecular, BF 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Binary Molecular, BF 3 , Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Formula-to-Name Acids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Practice─Name the Following Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Acids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Acids, Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Naming Binary Acids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Binary Acids, HCl ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Binary Acids, HCl, Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Naming Oxyacids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Oxyacids, H 2 SO 4 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Oxyacids, H 2 SO 4 ,Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Oxyacids, H 2 SO 3 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Naming Oxyacids, H 2 SO 3 , Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Writing Formulas for Acids ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Example—Binary Acids, Hydrosulfuric Acid ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 H + S 2- H + S 2- H 2 S H = (2)∙(+1) = +2 S = (1)∙(-2) = -2 H 2 S ( aq ) In all acids, the cation is H + . Hydro- means binary.

Example—Oxyacids, Carbonic Acid ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 H + CO 3 2- H + CO 3 2- H 2 CO 3 H = (2)∙(+1) = +2 CO 3 = (1)∙(-2) = -2 H 2 CO 3 ( aq ) In all acids, the cation is H + . No hydro- means polyatomic ion. -ic means - ate ion.

Example—Oxyacids, Sulfurous Acid ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5 H + SO 3 2- H + SO 3 2- H 2 SO 3 H = (2)∙(+1) = +2 SO 3 = (1)∙(-2) = -2 H 2 SO 3 ( aq ) In all acids, the cation is H + . No hydro- means polyatomic ion. -ous means - ite ion.

Practice—What Are the Formulas for the Following Acids? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Practice—What Are the Formulas for the Following Acids?, Continued ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Formula-to-Name Flowchart Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Formula Mass ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Practice—Calculate the Formula Mass of Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 . Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Practice—Calculate the Formula Mass of Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , Continued. Tro's "Introductory Chemistry", Chapter 5

Tro3 lecture 05

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