2. CONTENTS
Research design: Concept, Features of good research design,
Qualitative & Quantitative approaches, Pro & cons of both
approaches.
Exploratory research design: Concept, Types: Qualitative
techniques – Projective Techniques, Depth Interview, Experience
Survey, Focus Groups, Observation.
Descriptive Research design: Concept, Types & Uses
Concept of Cross-sectional & longitudinal Research
Experimental Design: Concept of causes, Causal relationships,
Concept of independent & Dependent variables, Concomitant
variable, Extraneous variable, Treatment, Control group
3. RESEARCH DESIGN
Research in the plan, structure and strategy of study conceived
in order to get answers to research questions and also to control
variance.
Kerlinger
Arrangement of conditions.
Overall framework of the projects.
Specific master plan or model.
Blueprint.
Guides the investigators.
Measurement and analysis of data.
Plan for collecting and utilizing data.
4. FEATURES OF A GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN
The nature of the problem
The availability of time & money for the research
The availability & skills of the researcher & his staff
The means of obtaining information
The objective of the problem to be studied
Freedom from bias
Freedom from confusing
Control of extraneous variables
5. NEED & IMPORTANCE
Helps to give directions.
Helps in decision making.
Stands for advance planning of the methods.
Great bearing on reliability of the results.
Helps researchers to anticipate potential
problems in collecting data.
A clear statement of the research problem.
Approach to be utilized in processing and
analyzing data.
6. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Descriptive research
Experimental Research Design
Historical Research Design
Case Study
Causal Design
Longitudinal Research Design
Cross-Sectional Design
Correlation or Prospective Research Design
Cohort Design
Observational Design
Philosophical Design
7. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Research
Design
Conclusive
Research
Design
CausalDescriptive
Longitudinal
Cross-
Sectional
Multiple
Cross-Section
Single Cross
Section
Exploratory
Research
Design
8. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
Exploratory research tries to understand a subject of study in a
preliminary way. Research designs for exploratory work usually
depend on direct observation of a small selection of what is to
be studied.
Example- drinking behavior.
Experimenting refers to the process of research where one or
more variables.
This research is flexible in approach.
Purpose of the Study
Carried out when not much is known about the problem at
hand, or no details are available on how similar problems or
research issues have been solved in the past.
9. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
OBJECTIVE
Major emphasis is on discovery of ideas & insights.
IN SUCH STUDIES
The sample size is small
Data requirement are vague.
The objective is general rather then specific.
Non-Probability sampling designs are used.
RESULT
Tentative
Generally used by further exploratory or conclusive research.
10. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
USES
Formulate problems more precisely
Develop Hypotheses
Establish priorities for research
Clarify concepts
TYPES OF DATA
Secondary data
Focus groups
Key informant
Observation studies
Case studies
11. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
EXAMPLE
Crime Patrol
In 1979, Xerox researched Japanese competitors to
understand how they could sell mid-size copy machines for
less than what it cost Xerox to make them. Today, a lot of
companies frequently use benchmarking as a standard
research tool.
12. CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH
conclusive research is meant to provide information that is
useful in reaching conclusions or decision-making.
It tends to be quantitative in nature.
It relies on both secondary & primary data.
The purpose of conclusive research is to provide a reliable or
representative picture of the population.
Conclusive research can be sub-divided into two major categories
Descriptive or statistical research
Causal research
13. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Is the most widely-used research design as indicated by the
Theses, dissertation and research report of institutions.
It common means of obtaining information include the use of
The questionnaire, personal interview with the aid of study
guide or interview schedule, and observation, either
participatory or not.
It describe a given state of affairs as fully and carefully as
possible
Purpose of the Study
Descriptive research seeks to tell what exists or what is about
a certain educational phenomenon.
A descriptive research design can serve as a first step that
identifies important factor, laying a foundation for more-
rigorous research.
14. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
OBJECTIVE
Describing characteristics of individual or group.
To test specific hypotheses and examine relationship.
IN SUCH STUDIES
Data collected may relate to the respondents under study.
Research has specific objective.
Findings are definite.
RESULT
Conclusive
Finding used as input into decision-making.
15. CAUSAL RESEARCH
Known as “ex post facto” research. (Latin “after the fact”)
Attempt to determine the cause or consequences of
differences that already exist between or among groups of
individuals.
At least two different groups are compared on a dependent
variable or measure of performance (called the effect)
because the independent variable (called the cause) has
already occurred or cannot be manipulated.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE- The change or difference occurring
as a result of the independent variable.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- An activity of characteristic
believed to make a difference with respect to some behavior.
16. NEED & IMPORTANCE
• The researcher attempts to determine the cause, or reason,
for pre existing differences in group of individuals.
• Attempts to identify cause and effect relationships.
• Involve two or more group variables.
• Involve making comparison.
• Individuals are not randomly selected and assigned to two or
more group.
• Cannot manipulate the independent variable
• Less costly and time consuming