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Pipeline 1 (Lecture in KMD 2015 Fall: Internet Technology Slot)

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Kazunori Uhyo Sugiura

Pipeline Course Slide Material. for basic lesson on Computer technology and an Operating System. Studet will be installing Debian distribution Linux using VirtualBox to study basic elements in Internet Technology using Linux.

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Innovation Pipeline TECH 1 Computer Architecture Kazunori Sugiura phD Keio University November 2, 2015 FACEBOOK: Kazunori UHYO Sugiura Pietoro Woo Hiyo Hiyo TWITTER: uhyouhyo 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 1
Objective of this Slot • To become KMD ready in… • Basic Computer and Network Literacy • Contents Distribution • Creating Web contents • Creating Web Server • Basic Network and Computer Management • Security, Service extension and Management 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 2
Preparations • What you will need: • Fully Charged Notebook Computer • Or plug in your AC adapter • Wireless Connectivity • Can you access KMD Wireless network? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 3
What is Computer? What is PC? What is an important role for PCs? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 4
What are the difference between Macs and PCs? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 5
Remember the Crash Course? • CPU • Memory • System Device (Chipset, I/O) • External Storage Device • HDD, SSD, FDD, USB Memory • Communication Device • Ethernet • Input Device • Keyboard, Mouse, Tablet, Camera • Display Device • Video Card, LCD 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 6
How Do They Treat the Data? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 7
Digital • Information expressed by number(s) • Every information (text, picture, movies, audios) are expressed by numerical values • Digital is not 0 and 1s • Easy process • Same expressions and rules • Accurate copy • Accuracy • Depends on digitization process 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 8
Binary Digits • 1bit = 0 or 1 • 1byte = 8bits = 00000000 • K（Kilo） = 1000 • M（Mega） = 1000K = 1000000 • G（Giga） = 1000M = 1000000000 • T（Tera） = 1000G = 1000000000000 • P(Peta) = 1000T = 1000000000000000 • E(Exa) = 1000P = 1000000000000000000 • Z(Zeta) = 1000E = … 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 9
Google (Googol) • 1 Googol = 10 • 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0……0000 • Graham number • 3↑3 = 3^3 = 27 • 3↑↑3 = 3↑(3↑3) = 3↑27 = 7625597484987 • 3↑↑↑3 = 3↑↑(３↑↑3) = 3↑↑7625597484987 = 3↑(7625597484987↑7625597484987) • so… define ３↑↑↑↑3 ( if possible  ) 100 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 10
Digital is FUN! 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 11
HAL（2001: A Space Odyssey） 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 12
HAL • HAL9000（Heuristically-programmed ALgorithmic computer) Clark： Not intentionally named  H A L I B M +1 +1 +1 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 13
Using Digital Expression 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 14
Amount of Digital Data English = 7bit Japanese＝16bit Chat Short Mail Cellular Camera report Short report Digital Camera DV Camera WEBCam Cellular TV Video CD 1K 1M 1G 1T 1P 1E 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 Telephone CD CD DVD Blu-Ray HDV Camera HD Camera Digital Cinema Nuclear Simulation Forecast simulation Amount Of Information (Bit) DNA 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 15
How Does the Computer interact? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 16
How do they treat Digital? • Using electric current • Switching on and off • Logic 0 1 0 1 0 1 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 17
AND A B X A B X OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON ON A B X 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 + - 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 18
OR A B X OFF OFF OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF ON ON ON ON A B X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 + - 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 19
NOT (Relay) A B C P Coil P A – B A – C OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF A A A 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 20
NAND A B X OFF OFF ON OFF ON ON ON OFF ON ON ON OFF A B X 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 21
NOR A B X OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF A B X 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 22
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Switching What is Clock? Oscillator? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 24
Clock クロック 水晶発振子 • What is clock? • Synchronization scheme • (Hz) KHz, MHz, GHz clock job time 3 clock job Quartz crystals(14.318MHz) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 25
Speed and clock clock 3 clock job time Double Frequency 3 clock jobs 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 26
Babbage Difference Engine Computer Museum 2009 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 27
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The Difference Engine ISBN-10: 0670910201 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 30
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 VAX-11/780 0 10 100 1000 10000 Performance (VAX11/780比) Year VAX 8700 Sun-4/260 5 9 13 18 24 51 80 117 183 280 481 649 993 1267 1779 2584 4195 5364 5764 6505 7578 10208 13380 17355 27890 MIPS M/120 MIPS M2000 IBM RS6000/540 HP PA-RISC 500MHz Alpha 21064 200MHz PowerPC 604 100MHz Alpha 21064A 300MHz Alpha 21164 300MHz Alpha 21164 500MHz Alpha 21164 600MHz Alpha 21264 600MHz Alpha 21264A 700MHz Intel Pentium III 1GHz AMD Athlon 1.6GHz Intel Pentium 4 3.0GHz AMD Opteron 2.2GHz Intel Xeon 3.6GHz Intel Xeon 3.6GHz 64Bit Intel Core i7 2.66GHz Intel Xeon 5760 2.26GHz Intel Core2 2.6GHz Intel Core2 Quad 3.0GHz 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 31
Moore’s Law 4004 8008 8080 8086 8088 80286 Intel i386 Intel 486 Intel Pentium Intel Pentium Pro Intel MMX Pentium Intel Celeron Intel Pentium II Intel Pentium 3 Intel Pentium 4 Intel Pentium M 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 10,000 100,000 1M 10M 100M 1GIntel Penryn Transistors Year Intel Xeon 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 32
8Bit 16 bit 32 bit 64 bit What is Bit and Byte? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 33
What is ??Bit OS? • Data Bus Address Bus Memory CPU DISK Network Video Audio Address Data 00000000 0000000F FFFFFFF0 FFFFFFFF : 00000040 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 34
Address 00000000 0000000F 00000010 0000001F 00000020 00000030 00000040 00000050 00000060 00000070 00000080 00000090 000000A0 000000B0 000000C0 000000D0 000000E0 000000F0 000000FF 8Bit Address 28 = 256 00000000 0000FFFF 00000000 FFFFFFFF 00000000 FFFFFFFF 216= 65536 232= 4GB = 64KB FFFFFFFF 00000000 264= 16EB 16Bit 32Bit 64Bit 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 35
?? Bit CPU •8Bit CPU • Processor capable of 8 bit operation •16Bit CPU • Processor Capable of 16 bit operation •32Bit CPU •64Bit CPU 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 36
8Bit vs 32Bit 00101100 + 00111100 11111110 01110001 00101111 10101011 11101101 10101100 01011011 11101000 11101100 00011101 1100001111111110111111101011000 00101100 + 00111100 11111110 01110001 00101111 10101011 11101101 10101100 01011011 11101000 11101100 00011101 1100001111110010111000101011000 carry carry 1,541,991,453 1234 1 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 37
Preparing Spaghetti Not Making a Spaghetti Program 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 38
Preparing Spaghetti Start Open the tap Water enough? Close the tap Turn on the stove Boiling? Open the spaghetti container Put spaghetti 9 minutes? Turn off the stove Take out spaghetti You are done NO YES YES YES NO NO 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 39
Designing Spaghetti Boiling Machine Memory Add Counter Decoder ALU(Operator) INPUT UNIT OUTPUT UNIT CLOCK Tap Spaghetti Temp. 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 40
Spaghetti Program メモリ番地 内容 メモリ番地 内容 0 OUT 21 16 1 INP 1 17 2 CMP 20, 3, 1 18 9 minuts 3 OUT 22 19 100℃ 4 OUT 26 20 200ml 5 INP 2 21 Open tap 6 CMP 19, 7, 5 22 Close tap 7 OUT 25 23 Insert spaghetti 8 OUT 23 24 Turn off stove 9 INP 3 25 Open the spaghetti container 10 CMP 18, 11, 9 26 Turn on the oven 11 OUT 24 27 Take out spaghetti 12 OUT 27 28 13 HLT 29 14 30 15 31 OUT： Output instruction INP: Input instruction CMP： compare instruction HLT： stop instruction Allocate the memory And run from the beginning 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 41
Inside the CPU Pre fetch Unit Instruction Decoder Register ALU Memory Interface CPU Internal Memory Read data Controls for instructions Algorithmic Operator 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 42
Computers CPU Memory, calculation, control Main Memory Program Memory Data Memory Input Output Bus Output Device External Storage Input Device Network 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 43
CPU North Bridge (Memory Controller HUB) Front-side busClock Generator South Bridge ( I/O Controller HUB) Internal bus Memory Slots Memory busPCI Express Graphic Card PCI bus PCI slots IDE SATA Ethernet Audio USB CMOS M FLASH ROM SUPER I/O Serial Parallel Key/Mouse Floppy 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 44
Brief history on Computer Architecture 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 45
Who is she? © moma11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 46
Rear Admiral (海軍少将) Grace Murray Hopper (Dec. 9, 1906 – Jan. 1, 1992) http://www.hopper.navy.mil/ • Got Ph.D in Mathematics and Physics from Yale University • Worked with Howard Aiken on the Mark I computer (the first person to ‘debug’ a computer) • Invented the first “compiler” in 1952 (on UNIVAC I) • A-0 • B-0 (later known as FLOW-MATIC) • Invented COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) in 1959 © moma © moma11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 47
The First “Computer Bug” Moth found trapped between points at Relay #70, Panel F, of the Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator while it was being tested at Harvard University, 9 September 1945. In the mid 1950's, Hopper extended the meaning of the term "debug" to include removing programming errors. © moma11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 48
Reallity • The Term “Bug” was already used at that time. when one technician found a moth trapped inside Mark II computer. She was amazed that a “REAL BUG” was hidden inside the computer and reported as a “BUG” http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Hopper.Danis.html IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol 22 Issue 1, 2000 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 49
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) General View of the ENIAC, 1946 Built at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering 30 x 50 [ft] Room 5000 Addition/Sec 300 Multiplication/Sec © moma http://www.library.upenn.edu/special/gallery/mauchly 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 50
ENIAC 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 51
Vacuum Tube • 3 conductor vacuum tube 2ch (Push-Pull) Cathode Grid Plate Emitter Collector (Output) Base (input) Filament 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 52
DEBUG… 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 53
Soldering 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 54
Solder • Solder • 錫Tin(Sn) 60%，鉛Lead(Pb) 40% Melting Point: 183c. • Lead Free Solder • 錫Tin 99.3% Copper Nickel 0.7% Melting Point: 227c. • Tin 96.5% Silver 3% Copper 0.5% Melting Point: 217c. • Soldering Iron • 30W 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 55
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Power Supply • CPU memory hard disk interface… everything • Convert AC to DC • +5V -5V • +12V -12V • Reducing voltage = reduces energy consumption • +3.3V, +2.5V,+1.8V Voltage 1．8V 5V Fast! Time11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 57
Hardware 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 58
Beginning • First PC built in Japan (1976/8/3) • TK-80 Kit(88500 Yen ) • μPD8080A(Intel 8080 Compatible) • Memory ：512Byte 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 59
TK-80 Display Device KeyboardDMA： refresh 83F8h – 83FFh Memory (standard 512Byte picture shows 1Kbyte) (8000h – 83FFh) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 60
IBM The PC • 1981/8/12 • Processor : 8088 • Mem: 16KByte Max 64Kbyte • 8Bit XT Bus (4.77MHz) • MDA(Monochrome Display Adapter) 320 x 200 • 汎用チップを利用 • Interrupt controller (i8259) • DMA controller (i8237) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 61
Importance of BUS Memory Add Counter Decoder ALU(Operator) INPUT UNIT OUTPUT UNIT CLOCK Tap Spaghetti Temp. Arrows are Buses 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 62
BUS • What needs to be transported? • Power Supply • Data lines • Address lines • Special Command Lines 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 63
Tap device Power +12v (Tap motor power)Tap Motor Tap motor Control Power +５v (Tap motor control board) Ground Busy (Interrupt) Address Bus Data Bus Address Data Contents 1 0 Tap Status 2 1 Tap Motor On 3 1 Tap Motor Direction 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 64
CPU 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 65
Intel CPU Architecture • 4004 • 8008 • 8085 • 8086 • 80186 *BUGGY* • 80286 • 80386 • 80386SX • 80486SX,80486DX • Pentium(i586), MMX Pentium (MMXの追加) • Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III (SSEの追加) • Pentium 4 (sse2, Hyper Threadingの追加) • Xeon • Core • Core2 • Atom • Core Quad • I7 • i5 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 66
Rivals: Motorola • 6800(1974) • 68000(1979) • 1982 Sun Microsystems “SUN” • “Stanford University Network” • 1983 Apple LISA • 68020(1984) 32Bit MPU • Macintosh II • 68030(1987) • 68040(1990) • 88000(1990) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 67
Intel 4004 • First production microprocessor • chip(4mm x 3mm) • 4Bit 10μm rule • 2300個 transistors • Frequency：108KHz • Max 750KHz calculators 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 68
8086 and 8088 •8086 Processor • 29000 transistor • 16Bit Data Bus 20Bit Address Bus(1MB) • 5MHz(8,10MHz) • 3μm •8088 Processor • 8Bit Data Bus 20Bit Address Bus •AMD and NEC as Second Source 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 69
32Bit Requirement 80386 80386SX • 80386(80386DX) • 275000 Transistor • 32Bit Data Bus, 32Bit Address Bus • 16 – 33MHz • 80387 FPU • 80386SX • 16Bit Data Bus 32Bit Address Bus 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 70
Faster: 80486 • 80486 • 120万Transistor • 32Bit/32Bit • 25 – 50 MHz • FPU • 8Kbyte Internal Cache(4way Set) • Socket (Socket 1/2/3) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 71
Intel Core I Mobile Processor Picture from Wikipedia 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 72
Intel Core I Series • New Intel CPUs • 2008/11/16 • X86:32,64Bit • Code Name: Nahalem • 45nm • Shift to 32nmに • 消費電力 • TDP: 130W • Intel Core 2 Extreme (QX9775, 3.20GHz) 参考: インテル Core i7 プロセッサー http://intelcorei7.jp/ 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 73
Hyper-Threading CORE 1 CORE 2 CORE 3 CORE 4 No Hyper-Threading CORE 1 CORE 2 CORE 3 CORE 4 Hyper-Threading Thread 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 74
Intel Turbo Boost © Impress Intel COR E 1 COR E 2 COR E 3 COR E 4 Frequency COR E 1 COR E 2 COR E 3 COR E 4 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 75
Embedded memory controller CORE CORE CORE CORE FSB CHIPSET MCH memory memory Video Card CORE CORE CORE CORE QPI CHIPSET IOH memory memory Video Card To: ICH To: ICH 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 76
Embed graphics controller as well Memory Controller CPU GPU DMI CHIPSET PCH メモリ メモリ Video Card To: ICH FDI Clarkdale 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 77
Heat • TDP • Thermal Design Power 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 78
Memory 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 79
Memory • ROM = Read Only Memory • RAM = Random Access Memory ROMRAM 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 80
Faster Memory •Cache memory Data Data Data Clock D-RAM Pipelined Burst SRAM Processor Cache TIME 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 81
Memory Size expansion 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2002 2006 2010 0.6 1 2 8 32 128 256 1024 4096 1.5 2 8 32 64 512 1024 2048 8192 Low-End(MB) High-End(MB) Complexity in Operating System and Application Multi Media MB Year11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 82
Cost efficiency of memory 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 1988 1992 1996 2002 2010 256KByte 1MByte 16MByte 32MB 64MB 128MB 256MB 1024MB 2048MB 4096MB Yen YEAR 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 83
Secondary Storage 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 84
Floppy disk From Wikipedia fd1440|floppy|floppy3|3in|3.5in High Density Floppy: :ty=floppy:se#512:nt#2:rm#300:ns#18:nc#80: :pa#2880:oa#0:ba#4096:fa#512: :pb#2880:ob#0:bb#4096:fb#512: :pc#2880:oc#0:bc#4096:fc#512: Sector size x sector per track x Cylinder x surface ＝ 512 x 18 x 2 x 80 = 1474580 byte = 1440KByte 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 85
Hard Disk 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 86
HEAD TRACK SECTOR Sector: 512byte 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 87
Fujitsu Eagle (M2351A) 10.5インチハードディスク 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 88
Higher RPMs = faster access 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 回転数 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 RPM 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 89
HDD Capacity 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 容量 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 MByte 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 90
How they record Horizontal Magnetic Recording N S N S ビット1 ビット3 ビット4 ビット2 Electric Magnet Coil Signal Magnetic surface Horizontal recording and Vertical recording 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 91
Vertical Magnetic recording 電気磁石 信号 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 92
Zone1 Zone2 Zone 3 : Zone n B1 Mb/Sec B2 Mb/Sec B3 Mb/Sec Bn Mb/Sec B1 > B2 > B3 > Bn (Mb/Sec) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 93
0 20 40 60 80 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Transfer Rate (Million Byte/Sec) Progress (Million Byte) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Power Consumption (Watts) Toshiba MK1422FCV HDD2324 80MB PIO Power Consumption (Watts) Transfer Rate (Million Byte/Sec) Access Avg. : 23.4 [ms] CPU Utilization: 0.85% 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 94
0 20 40 60 5 10 15 20 25 Transfer Rate (Million Byte/Sec) Progress (Billion Byte) 0 1 2 3 Power Consumption (Watts) Hitachi DK23EA-60B 60GB ATA-2/3/4/5 UDMA100 Power Consumption (Watts) Transfer Rate (Million Byte/Sec) 30 Access Avg. : 19.4 [ms] CPU Utilization: 12.7% 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 95
0 30 60 180 10 20 30 40 50 Transfer Rate (Million Byte/Sec) Progress (Billion Byte) 0 IBM IC35L180AVV207-1 180GB ATA-2/3/4/5 UDMA100 Power Consumption (Watts) Transfer Rate (Million Byte/Sec) Access Avg. : 14.3 [ms] CPU Utilization: 76.1% 90 120 150 2 4 6 8 10 Power Consumption (Watts) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 96
Hard disk recording • Sector • ５１２Byte block 1 4 7Track 1 Track 2 Track 3 Track 4 Track 5 Track 6 Track 7 Track 8 Track 9 2 5 8 3 6 SURFACE 1 SURFACE 2 SURFACE 3 512 Byte Data 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 97
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SSD Access scheme © impress http://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/2008/1128/hirasawa010.htm 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 100
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File and Directory • Unit of Data • Text, Graphics, Sounds, Videos… • File name and Extensions • Program and Applications are also files • Storing Files into Directory 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 102
File and Directory / bin etc usr boot dev sh ls passwd bin lib vmlinuz tty01 sda1 gcc ssh 通常ファイル ディレクトリ スペシャルファイル(デバイス) パイプ 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 103
Current and Parent / usr bin lib gcc ssh . .. Current Directory Parent Directory 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 104
Static Link / usr bin local gcc . .. Current Directory Parent Directory bin G++Gcc-4.3 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 105
File system Command • cd • ls (dir) • pwd (cd) • cp (copy) • mv (move, ren) • rm (del) • mkdir (md) • rmdir (rd) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 106
Command Option • rm –r (del /s) • rm –f (del /f) • rm –rf (del /sfpow • cp –r (xcopy) • ls –a • ls -al 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 107
UNIX Directory • /tmp /usr • /bin /usr/bin • /dev • /etc • /home • /var 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 108
File system in UNIX I node Data block Boot block Super block11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 109
File system • Abstraction based on files root directory /dev /home jun sd0a Plain Files Directory Special Files11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 110
Index node 60 ． 2 98 150 ．． jun uhyo I node number 98 ． 60 100 105 ．． secret appointment 100 ． 98 160 203 ．． Licence.c Oops.c 105 ． 98 178 205 ．． Presentation.ppt Girlfriend.jpg11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 111
Access Control -rw-r--r-- 1 uhyo kmd 30 2009-06-05 18:20 main.c - rwx rwx rwx user group all type 001 execute 010 write 100 read 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 112
Partition FreeBSD Windows XP NetBSD Inferno FDISK Partition / Partition Swap Partition /usr Partition Internal Partition cp3540|Conner Peripherals 540MB SCSI: :ty=winchester:dt=SCSI:se#512:nt#12:ns#49:nc#1806:rm#4500: :pa#18816:oa#0:ta=4.2BSD:ba#4096:fa#512: :pb#75264:ob#18816:tb=swap: :pc#1061928:oc#0: :pf#217560:of#94080:tf=4.2BSD:bf#4096:ff#512: :pg#199920:og#311640:tg=4.2BSD:bg#4096:fg#512: :ph#550368:oh#511560:th=4.2BSD:bh#4096:fh#512: 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 113
Turning on Your PCs 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 114
POWER ON POST BOOTSTRAP IPL OS COMMAND INTERPRETER Process 2 Process 1 Process 3 Processor starts running from address 0 after hard reset. Usually From reset vector. I/O Check Memory Check Read IPL Read OS and run as a system task Initialize OS, run the command interpreter Start user command Initialization Running 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 115
Agenda • Installing server on your Laptop • Knowing server from A to Z 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 116
Q: What kind of service do you want to provide?
サーバーって何? What is a Server? ● サービスを提供する計算機 ● Computers Providing Services o Network o Website o Software o Application o Database o File o etc.
What is Server? • Providing service to whom requested • 24hrs 365, 366 days, forever • Continuous Operation • Unless service oriented • Stability, Safety, Security (3 S’s)
Very Basics of an Application • INPUT and OUTPUT • When was the first application? • Operating System and Application 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 120
What is this?uhyo@cpu.sfc.wide.ad.jp % telnet narcia.narcia.net smtp Trying 210.238.180.250... Connected to narcia.narcia.net. Escape character is '^]'. HELO cpu.sfc.wide.ad.jp 220 narcia.narcia.net ESMTP Sendmail 8.14.2/8.14.2; Mon, 17 Nov 2008 05:41:46 +0900 (JST) 250 narcia.narcia.net Hello cpu.sfc.wide.ad.jp [203.178.142.143], pleased to meet you MAIL FROM: uhyo@sfc.wide.ad.jp 250 2.1.0 uhyo@sfc.wide.ad.jp... Sender ok RCPT TO: uhyo@kmd.keio.ac.jp 250 2.1.5 uhyo@kmd.keio.ac.jp... Recipient ok data 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself THIS IS A TEST MAIL . 250 2.0.0 mAGKfkmO040256 Message accepted for delivery quit 221 2.0.0 narcia.narcia.net closing connection Connection closed by foreign host. 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 121
What is this? uhyo@cpu.sfc.wide.ad.jp % telnet narcia.narcia.net www Trying 210.238.180.250... Connected to narcia.narcia.net. Escape character is '^]'. GET /~uhyo/uhyo.html <HTML> OH YOU CAN SEE ME !!! </HTML> Connection closed by foreign host. 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 122
Do you want a Server? 513,325円（税別） http://jp.fujitsu.com/platform/server/primergy/products/lineup/rx600s6/
Turning on Your PCs 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 124
POWER ON POST BOOTSTRAP IPL OS COMMAND INTERPRETER Process 2 Process 1 Process 3 Processor starts running from address 0 after hard reset. Usually From reset vector. I/O Check Memory Check Read IPL Read OS and run as a system task Initialize OS, run the command interpreter Start user command Initialization Running 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 125
Operating System Windows OS Unix OS Mac OS 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 126
Basic principle in OS • Virtual Machines • Resource Management Operating System hardw are hardw are hardw are hardw are hardw are hardw are Application Application Application 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 127
Why OS? • Keyboard 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 128
Mouse 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 129
Variety of Storage Devices Operating System IDE HDD SATA HDD SCSI HDD IDE Device Access SATA Device Access SCSI Device Access E-mail Application Accessing stored e-mail 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 130
Resource Management • Applications access limited resources • PC = resource • Racing Conditions • Let’s watch “Anime” in Christmas eve! • But I also need to meet with my close friend • Which should I choose? • Of course “Anime”?! 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 131
Sharing Printer • One Printer with many users • 山田君 and 佐藤君 trying to use printer at same time山田君 佐藤君 OS Printer ｔ I’m printing OK printing WAIT! Done! Your turn 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 132
Why OS was born? • Batch processing • Resident Monitor, JCL, IOCS Resident Monitor User Program Area Single job Single program Minimum controlling mechanism Fortran Job Card $JOB $FORTRAN $LOAD $RUN $END 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 133
Batch Process CPUJob 3 Job 2 Job 1 Courses in Restaurants Enjoy one dish at a time AppetizersSoupMain dish 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 134
Time Sharing System Share the dishes JOB 1 JOB 2 JOB 3 Welcome to the UNIX world CPU 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 135
Emulator and virtualization technology 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 136
Virtualization Technologies Hardware (CPU, Memory, SCSI, etc ) Operating System Application Virtualization Software Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 137
Virtualization Technologies Using No Operating System Hardware (CPU, Memory, SCSI, etc ) Virtualization Software ( Hyper-visor Virtual machine monitor ) Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 138
Virtualization Technologies Using Firmware Solution Hardware (CPU, Memory, SCSI, etc ) Firmware Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Virtualization Software 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 139
Virtual Box • http://www.virtualbox.org/ 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 140
VM & Application Local VM Remote VM Alpha, Beta... Real Server Deployment Development Release Test Debug New Feature Release Process
How to use VM? Local VM: Virtualbox Remote VM: KMD VM
Hands On ●Install VirtualBox ●Install Debian OS
Hard Disk Partition 1DK Partition Windows Partition Linux Partition C: D: ........ Windows Program Documents User data User data / /etc swap /usr bin share /var ... log opt ... /home Documents ... Pictures ...
UNIX/Linux Mount points / root directory ● ツリー型ディレクトリ構造の最 上層/Top level of Tree directory structure /home home directory ● ユーザーのデータ/Users’ data eg. 「/home/userA」 「/home/userB」 /usr user directory ● ソフトウェア/Softwares /var, /tmp... ● システムファイル/System Files
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11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 148
11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 149
11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 150
LOGIN (ログイン)，LOGOUT(ログアウト) • Authentication • Who are you? • password • User ID (UID) • Account(User name and UID) • Logout 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 151
Login • ターミナル(端末) という抽象化 • ターミナルからPC(CPU)にアクセス • プロセス • アプリケーション 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 152
ターミナル操作/Terminal Operation 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 153
CUI and GUI • What is the difference? • キャラクターセットのみで対話 • 画像とセットで対話 • サーバと通常のPCの違いの一つ • 遠隔からの作業が基本 • 最良な方法でサーバと対話するためには？ 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 154
SHELL シェル • UNIXの基本操作： CUI • Character User Interface • Graphical User Interface • ユーザとサーバとの対話 • Shell Interpreter • sh, csh, bash, ksh, zsh, tcsh… 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 155
プロンプト • $ or % • ユーザプロンプト • # • スーパーユーザ 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 156
まずは色々やってみよう • who • Who • WHO • ｐｗｄ • ｃｄ • ｌｓ • clear • groups • hoge 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 157
UNIX/Linux基本コマンド/ Basic Command: E-learningで講義資料
VI Editor ● ターミナルでテキストの入力と編集 ● 多様なコマンドが使用 ● マウスを使わない
VI Editor 起動/Start Command: vi filename 指定されたファイルが無い場合は新 規作成モードとなる。 If given file doesn’t exist, this command will create a new file with the file name.
VI Editor モード/Mode 入力モード タイプした文字がそのま ま反映される。 コマンドモ ード コマンドを使う
主なコマンド/Basic Command: E-learningで講義資料
How to Use “vi” editor 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 163
“vi” command launch •vi (filename)----open the file by vi •vi +/(expression) (filename) ------ open and start the file at the fist (expression) •vi + (filename) ----open and start at the last line •vi +(line number) (filename) ---- open and start at the line number 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 164
“vi” editor function •Two type of the mode in “vi” • Command Mode • Cursor Move, Copy & Paste, Replacement, Save file and so on • Input Mode • Input the characters into the body 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 165
Changing Both Modes •Command mode to Input mode • “i” means inserting the characters into the left side of the cursor. • “a” means inserting the characters into the right side of the cursor. •Input mode to Command mode • “esc” change mode from input mode to command mode. 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 166
Command Mode -cursor movement- •h -> left, j -> down, k -> up, l -> right •“Shift + g” goes to the last line •“gg” goes to the first line •“$” goes to the last column in the line •“0” zero goes to the fist column in the line •“ctrl+f” goes up to 1 page •“ctrl+b” goes down to 1 page 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 167
Command Mode -file manipulation- •“:e” reread the file •“:wq” save the file and quit the vi •“:wq!” save the file and quit the vi forcedly •“:w” saves the file •“:help” open the help page •“:q!” quit the vi forcedly 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 168
Editing •Remove the one character (“x”) •yyy replace xxx (:s /xxx/yyy/) •yyy replace xxx in all the lines (:%s /xxx/yyy/g) •Copy the line (yy) •Paste the copied line (p) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 169
Workshop for vi editor •Make 1 text file by vi •Write your name in each line by 20 lines. •Move to 1st line, then remove the 1st line. •Rewrite the “Hello vi” in 1st line and copy it into 3rd, 5th and 10th. •Replace your name by “Kazunori Sugiura” samplevi.txt 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 170
Type this source code • Type the following source code. #include <stdio.h> int main(void){ printf(“hello vin”); printf(“hello vi and linux debiann”); return(0); } hellovi.c 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 171
Learn more • Just do by yourself • Use vi for configuration and making source code • Utilize vi for writing down the memo 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 172
File and Directory(Folder) bin etc usr Program Files(x86) Users sh ls passwd bin lib cos.txt SOI.pptgcc ssh uhyo keiko Mozilla firefox Documents Documents / 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 173
Current and Parent / User keiko uhyo SOI.txt GC.txt . .. Current Directory Parent Directory 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 174
Basic Commands Win Mac ディレクトリを変更/Change directory cd path cd path 作業(カレント)ディレクトリ を出力/Show current path cd pwd 画面をクリア/Clear the screen cls clear ディレクトリのコンテンツを 表示/Displays the contents of a directory dir ls
Basic Commands Win Mac ディレクトリを作成/Make directory md folder mkdir folder ディレクトリを削除/Delete directory rd folder rmdir folder ファイルをコピー/Copy a file copy file1 file2 cp file1 file2 ファイルを削除/Delete file del file rm file ファイルを移動、ファイル名変 更/Move file, Rename file move path1/file path2/file mv path1/file path2/file ファイルにテキストを追記 /Write text in to file echo text > file.txt echo text > file.txt テキストファイルの内容を表示 /Displays the contents of a text file. type file cat file
Manage your files with command • Create a new directory mkdir dir1(win) mkdir dir1(mac) • Enter that directory cd dir1 • See what’s in the directory dir (win) ls (mac)
Manage your files with command There is nothing inside, it’s a new directory • Create a new file echo hello world > a.txt • See what’s in the file type a.txt (win) cat a.txt (mac) • Copy the file copy a.txt b.txt (win) cp a.txt b.txt (mac)
Manage your files with command • See what’s in file b.txt Fogot the commands? Press ↑ • See what’s in the directory now
Manage your files with command • Go to upper directory cd .. • Copy the directory copy dir1 dir2 (win) cp –r dir1 dir2 (mac) • Go see the new directory contents Windows: folder2 should be created first Mac: -r option is used for recursive copy through directory
Manage your files with command • See what’s in dir2 • Rename a.txt move a.txt c.txt (win) mv a.txt c.txt (mac) • Delete b.txt del b.txt (win) rm b.txt (mac)
Manage your files with command • See what’s in dir2 • See what’s in dir1 • Delete directory rmdir dir1 (win) rm –r dir1
Access Control -rw-r--r-- 1 uhyo kmd 30 2009-06-05 18:20 main.c - rwx rwx rwx user group all type 001 execute 010 write 100 read 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 183
Static Link / usr bin local gcc . .. Current Directory Parent Directory bin G++Gcc-4.3 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 184

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Pipeline 1 (Lecture in KMD 2015 Fall: Internet Technology Slot)

  • 1. Innovation Pipeline TECH 1 Computer Architecture Kazunori Sugiura phD Keio University November 2, 2015 FACEBOOK: Kazunori UHYO Sugiura Pietoro Woo Hiyo Hiyo TWITTER: uhyouhyo 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 1
  • 2. Objective of this Slot • To become KMD ready in… • Basic Computer and Network Literacy • Contents Distribution • Creating Web contents • Creating Web Server • Basic Network and Computer Management • Security, Service extension and Management 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 2
  • 3. Preparations • What you will need: • Fully Charged Notebook Computer • Or plug in your AC adapter • Wireless Connectivity • Can you access KMD Wireless network? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 3
  • 4. What is Computer? What is PC? What is an important role for PCs? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 4
  • 5. What are the difference between Macs and PCs? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 5
  • 6. Remember the Crash Course? • CPU • Memory • System Device (Chipset, I/O) • External Storage Device • HDD, SSD, FDD, USB Memory • Communication Device • Ethernet • Input Device • Keyboard, Mouse, Tablet, Camera • Display Device • Video Card, LCD 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 6
  • 7. How Do They Treat the Data? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 7
  • 8. Digital • Information expressed by number(s) • Every information (text, picture, movies, audios) are expressed by numerical values • Digital is not 0 and 1s • Easy process • Same expressions and rules • Accurate copy • Accuracy • Depends on digitization process 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 8
  • 9. Binary Digits • 1bit = 0 or 1 • 1byte = 8bits = 00000000 • K（Kilo） = 1000 • M（Mega） = 1000K = 1000000 • G（Giga） = 1000M = 1000000000 • T（Tera） = 1000G = 1000000000000 • P(Peta) = 1000T = 1000000000000000 • E(Exa) = 1000P = 1000000000000000000 • Z(Zeta) = 1000E = … 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 9
  • 10. Google (Googol) • 1 Googol = 10 • 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0……0000 • Graham number • 3↑3 = 3^3 = 27 • 3↑↑3 = 3↑(3↑3) = 3↑27 = 7625597484987 • 3↑↑↑3 = 3↑↑(３↑↑3) = 3↑↑7625597484987 = 3↑(7625597484987↑7625597484987) • so… define ３↑↑↑↑3 ( if possible  ) 100 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 10
  • 11. Digital is FUN! 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 11
  • 12. HAL（2001: A Space Odyssey） 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 12
  • 13. HAL • HAL9000（Heuristically-programmed ALgorithmic computer) Clark： Not intentionally named  H A L I B M +1 +1 +1 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 13
  • 14. Using Digital Expression 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 14
  • 15. Amount of Digital Data English = 7bit Japanese＝16bit Chat Short Mail Cellular Camera report Short report Digital Camera DV Camera WEBCam Cellular TV Video CD 1K 1M 1G 1T 1P 1E 103 106 109 1012 1015 1018 Telephone CD CD DVD Blu-Ray HDV Camera HD Camera Digital Cinema Nuclear Simulation Forecast simulation Amount Of Information (Bit) DNA 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 15
  • 16. How Does the Computer interact? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 16
  • 17. How do they treat Digital? • Using electric current • Switching on and off • Logic 0 1 0 1 0 1 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 17
  • 18. AND A B X A B X OFF OFF OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON ON A B X 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 + - 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 18
  • 19. OR A B X OFF OFF OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF ON ON ON ON A B X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 + - 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 19
  • 20. NOT (Relay) A B C P Coil P A – B A – C OFF OFF ON ON ON OFF A A A 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 20
  • 21. NAND A B X OFF OFF ON OFF ON ON ON OFF ON ON ON OFF A B X 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 21
  • 22. NOR A B X OFF OFF ON OFF ON OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON OFF A B X 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 22
  • 24. Switching What is Clock? Oscillator? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 24
  • 25. Clock クロック 水晶発振子 • What is clock? • Synchronization scheme • (Hz) KHz, MHz, GHz clock job time 3 clock job Quartz crystals(14.318MHz) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 25
  • 26. Speed and clock clock 3 clock job time Double Frequency 3 clock jobs 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 26
  • 27. Babbage Difference Engine Computer Museum 2009 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 27
  • 30. The Difference Engine ISBN-10: 0670910201 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 30
  • 31. 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 VAX-11/780 0 10 100 1000 10000 Performance (VAX11/780比) Year VAX 8700 Sun-4/260 5 9 13 18 24 51 80 117 183 280 481 649 993 1267 1779 2584 4195 5364 5764 6505 7578 10208 13380 17355 27890 MIPS M/120 MIPS M2000 IBM RS6000/540 HP PA-RISC 500MHz Alpha 21064 200MHz PowerPC 604 100MHz Alpha 21064A 300MHz Alpha 21164 300MHz Alpha 21164 500MHz Alpha 21164 600MHz Alpha 21264 600MHz Alpha 21264A 700MHz Intel Pentium III 1GHz AMD Athlon 1.6GHz Intel Pentium 4 3.0GHz AMD Opteron 2.2GHz Intel Xeon 3.6GHz Intel Xeon 3.6GHz 64Bit Intel Core i7 2.66GHz Intel Xeon 5760 2.26GHz Intel Core2 2.6GHz Intel Core2 Quad 3.0GHz 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 31
  • 32. Moore’s Law 4004 8008 8080 8086 8088 80286 Intel i386 Intel 486 Intel Pentium Intel Pentium Pro Intel MMX Pentium Intel Celeron Intel Pentium II Intel Pentium 3 Intel Pentium 4 Intel Pentium M 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 10,000 100,000 1M 10M 100M 1GIntel Penryn Transistors Year Intel Xeon 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 32
  • 33. 8Bit 16 bit 32 bit 64 bit What is Bit and Byte? 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 33
  • 34. What is ??Bit OS? • Data Bus Address Bus Memory CPU DISK Network Video Audio Address Data 00000000 0000000F FFFFFFF0 FFFFFFFF : 00000040 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 34
  • 35. Address 00000000 0000000F 00000010 0000001F 00000020 00000030 00000040 00000050 00000060 00000070 00000080 00000090 000000A0 000000B0 000000C0 000000D0 000000E0 000000F0 000000FF 8Bit Address 28 = 256 00000000 0000FFFF 00000000 FFFFFFFF 00000000 FFFFFFFF 216= 65536 232= 4GB = 64KB FFFFFFFF 00000000 264= 16EB 16Bit 32Bit 64Bit 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 35
  • 36. ?? Bit CPU •8Bit CPU • Processor capable of 8 bit operation •16Bit CPU • Processor Capable of 16 bit operation •32Bit CPU •64Bit CPU 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 36
  • 37. 8Bit vs 32Bit 00101100 + 00111100 11111110 01110001 00101111 10101011 11101101 10101100 01011011 11101000 11101100 00011101 1100001111111110111111101011000 00101100 + 00111100 11111110 01110001 00101111 10101011 11101101 10101100 01011011 11101000 11101100 00011101 1100001111110010111000101011000 carry carry 1,541,991,453 1234 1 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 37
  • 38. Preparing Spaghetti Not Making a Spaghetti Program 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 38
  • 39. Preparing Spaghetti Start Open the tap Water enough? Close the tap Turn on the stove Boiling? Open the spaghetti container Put spaghetti 9 minutes? Turn off the stove Take out spaghetti You are done NO YES YES YES NO NO 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 39
  • 40. Designing Spaghetti Boiling Machine Memory Add Counter Decoder ALU(Operator) INPUT UNIT OUTPUT UNIT CLOCK Tap Spaghetti Temp. 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 40
  • 41. Spaghetti Program メモリ番地 内容 メモリ番地 内容 0 OUT 21 16 1 INP 1 17 2 CMP 20, 3, 1 18 9 minuts 3 OUT 22 19 100℃ 4 OUT 26 20 200ml 5 INP 2 21 Open tap 6 CMP 19, 7, 5 22 Close tap 7 OUT 25 23 Insert spaghetti 8 OUT 23 24 Turn off stove 9 INP 3 25 Open the spaghetti container 10 CMP 18, 11, 9 26 Turn on the oven 11 OUT 24 27 Take out spaghetti 12 OUT 27 28 13 HLT 29 14 30 15 31 OUT： Output instruction INP: Input instruction CMP： compare instruction HLT： stop instruction Allocate the memory And run from the beginning 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 41
  • 42. Inside the CPU Pre fetch Unit Instruction Decoder Register ALU Memory Interface CPU Internal Memory Read data Controls for instructions Algorithmic Operator 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 42
  • 43. Computers CPU Memory, calculation, control Main Memory Program Memory Data Memory Input Output Bus Output Device External Storage Input Device Network 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 43
  • 44. CPU North Bridge (Memory Controller HUB) Front-side busClock Generator South Bridge ( I/O Controller HUB) Internal bus Memory Slots Memory busPCI Express Graphic Card PCI bus PCI slots IDE SATA Ethernet Audio USB CMOS M FLASH ROM SUPER I/O Serial Parallel Key/Mouse Floppy 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 44
  • 45. Brief history on Computer Architecture 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 45
  • 46. Who is she? © moma11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 46
  • 47. Rear Admiral (海軍少将) Grace Murray Hopper (Dec. 9, 1906 – Jan. 1, 1992) http://www.hopper.navy.mil/ • Got Ph.D in Mathematics and Physics from Yale University • Worked with Howard Aiken on the Mark I computer (the first person to ‘debug’ a computer) • Invented the first “compiler” in 1952 (on UNIVAC I) • A-0 • B-0 (later known as FLOW-MATIC) • Invented COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) in 1959 © moma © moma11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 47
  • 48. The First “Computer Bug” Moth found trapped between points at Relay #70, Panel F, of the Mark II Aiken Relay Calculator while it was being tested at Harvard University, 9 September 1945. In the mid 1950's, Hopper extended the meaning of the term "debug" to include removing programming errors. © moma11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 48
  • 49. Reallity • The Term “Bug” was already used at that time. when one technician found a moth trapped inside Mark II computer. She was amazed that a “REAL BUG” was hidden inside the computer and reported as a “BUG” http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Hopper.Danis.html IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, Vol 22 Issue 1, 2000 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 49
  • 50. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) General View of the ENIAC, 1946 Built at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering 30 x 50 [ft] Room 5000 Addition/Sec 300 Multiplication/Sec © moma http://www.library.upenn.edu/special/gallery/mauchly 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 50
  • 52. Vacuum Tube • 3 conductor vacuum tube 2ch (Push-Pull) Cathode Grid Plate Emitter Collector (Output) Base (input) Filament 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 52
  • 55. Solder • Solder • 錫Tin(Sn) 60%，鉛Lead(Pb) 40% Melting Point: 183c. • Lead Free Solder • 錫Tin 99.3% Copper Nickel 0.7% Melting Point: 227c. • Tin 96.5% Silver 3% Copper 0.5% Melting Point: 217c. • Soldering Iron • 30W 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 55
  • 57. Power Supply • CPU memory hard disk interface… everything • Convert AC to DC • +5V -5V • +12V -12V • Reducing voltage = reduces energy consumption • +3.3V, +2.5V,+1.8V Voltage 1．8V 5V Fast! Time11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 57
  • 59. Beginning • First PC built in Japan (1976/8/3) • TK-80 Kit(88500 Yen ) • μPD8080A(Intel 8080 Compatible) • Memory ：512Byte 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 59
  • 60. TK-80 Display Device KeyboardDMA： refresh 83F8h – 83FFh Memory (standard 512Byte picture shows 1Kbyte) (8000h – 83FFh) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 60
  • 61. IBM The PC • 1981/8/12 • Processor : 8088 • Mem: 16KByte Max 64Kbyte • 8Bit XT Bus (4.77MHz) • MDA(Monochrome Display Adapter) 320 x 200 • 汎用チップを利用 • Interrupt controller (i8259) • DMA controller (i8237) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 61
  • 62. Importance of BUS Memory Add Counter Decoder ALU(Operator) INPUT UNIT OUTPUT UNIT CLOCK Tap Spaghetti Temp. Arrows are Buses 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 62
  • 63. BUS • What needs to be transported? • Power Supply • Data lines • Address lines • Special Command Lines 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 63
  • 64. Tap device Power +12v (Tap motor power)Tap Motor Tap motor Control Power +５v (Tap motor control board) Ground Busy (Interrupt) Address Bus Data Bus Address Data Contents 1 0 Tap Status 2 1 Tap Motor On 3 1 Tap Motor Direction 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 64
  • 66. Intel CPU Architecture • 4004 • 8008 • 8085 • 8086 • 80186 *BUGGY* • 80286 • 80386 • 80386SX • 80486SX,80486DX • Pentium(i586), MMX Pentium (MMXの追加) • Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III (SSEの追加) • Pentium 4 (sse2, Hyper Threadingの追加) • Xeon • Core • Core2 • Atom • Core Quad • I7 • i5 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 66
  • 67. Rivals: Motorola • 6800(1974) • 68000(1979) • 1982 Sun Microsystems “SUN” • “Stanford University Network” • 1983 Apple LISA • 68020(1984) 32Bit MPU • Macintosh II • 68030(1987) • 68040(1990) • 88000(1990) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 67
  • 68. Intel 4004 • First production microprocessor • chip(4mm x 3mm) • 4Bit 10μm rule • 2300個 transistors • Frequency：108KHz • Max 750KHz calculators 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 68
  • 69. 8086 and 8088 •8086 Processor • 29000 transistor • 16Bit Data Bus 20Bit Address Bus(1MB) • 5MHz(8,10MHz) • 3μm •8088 Processor • 8Bit Data Bus 20Bit Address Bus •AMD and NEC as Second Source 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 69
  • 70. 32Bit Requirement 80386 80386SX • 80386(80386DX) • 275000 Transistor • 32Bit Data Bus, 32Bit Address Bus • 16 – 33MHz • 80387 FPU • 80386SX • 16Bit Data Bus 32Bit Address Bus 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 70
  • 71. Faster: 80486 • 80486 • 120万Transistor • 32Bit/32Bit • 25 – 50 MHz • FPU • 8Kbyte Internal Cache(4way Set) • Socket (Socket 1/2/3) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 71
  • 72. Intel Core I Mobile Processor Picture from Wikipedia 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 72
  • 73. Intel Core I Series • New Intel CPUs • 2008/11/16 • X86:32,64Bit • Code Name: Nahalem • 45nm • Shift to 32nmに • 消費電力 • TDP: 130W • Intel Core 2 Extreme (QX9775, 3.20GHz) 参考: インテル Core i7 プロセッサー http://intelcorei7.jp/ 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 73
  • 74. Hyper-Threading CORE 1 CORE 2 CORE 3 CORE 4 No Hyper-Threading CORE 1 CORE 2 CORE 3 CORE 4 Hyper-Threading Thread 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 74
  • 75. Intel Turbo Boost © Impress Intel COR E 1 COR E 2 COR E 3 COR E 4 Frequency COR E 1 COR E 2 COR E 3 COR E 4 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 75
  • 76. Embedded memory controller CORE CORE CORE CORE FSB CHIPSET MCH memory memory Video Card CORE CORE CORE CORE QPI CHIPSET IOH memory memory Video Card To: ICH To: ICH 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 76
  • 77. Embed graphics controller as well Memory Controller CPU GPU DMI CHIPSET PCH メモリ メモリ Video Card To: ICH FDI Clarkdale 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 77
  • 78. Heat • TDP • Thermal Design Power 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 78
  • 80. Memory • ROM = Read Only Memory • RAM = Random Access Memory ROMRAM 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 80
  • 81. Faster Memory •Cache memory Data Data Data Clock D-RAM Pipelined Burst SRAM Processor Cache TIME 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 81
  • 82. Memory Size expansion 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2002 2006 2010 0.6 1 2 8 32 128 256 1024 4096 1.5 2 8 32 64 512 1024 2048 8192 Low-End(MB) High-End(MB) Complexity in Operating System and Application Multi Media MB Year11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 82
  • 83. Cost efficiency of memory 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000 1988 1992 1996 2002 2010 256KByte 1MByte 16MByte 32MB 64MB 128MB 256MB 1024MB 2048MB 4096MB Yen YEAR 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 83
  • 85. Floppy disk From Wikipedia fd1440|floppy|floppy3|3in|3.5in High Density Floppy: :ty=floppy:se#512:nt#2:rm#300:ns#18:nc#80: :pa#2880:oa#0:ba#4096:fa#512: :pb#2880:ob#0:bb#4096:fb#512: :pc#2880:oc#0:bc#4096:fc#512: Sector size x sector per track x Cylinder x surface ＝ 512 x 18 x 2 x 80 = 1474580 byte = 1440KByte 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 85
  • 86. Hard Disk 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 86
  • 89. Higher RPMs = faster access 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 回転数 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 RPM 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 89
  • 91. How they record Horizontal Magnetic Recording N S N S ビット1 ビット3 ビット4 ビット2 Electric Magnet Coil Signal Magnetic surface Horizontal recording and Vertical recording 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 91
  • 93. Zone1 Zone2 Zone 3 : Zone n B1 Mb/Sec B2 Mb/Sec B3 Mb/Sec Bn Mb/Sec B1 > B2 > B3 > Bn (Mb/Sec) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 93
  • 94. 0 20 40 60 80 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 Transfer Rate (Million Byte/Sec) Progress (Million Byte) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Power Consumption (Watts) Toshiba MK1422FCV HDD2324 80MB PIO Power Consumption (Watts) Transfer Rate (Million Byte/Sec) Access Avg. : 23.4 [ms] CPU Utilization: 0.85% 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 94
  • 95. 0 20 40 60 5 10 15 20 25 Transfer Rate (Million Byte/Sec) Progress (Billion Byte) 0 1 2 3 Power Consumption (Watts) Hitachi DK23EA-60B 60GB ATA-2/3/4/5 UDMA100 Power Consumption (Watts) Transfer Rate (Million Byte/Sec) 30 Access Avg. : 19.4 [ms] CPU Utilization: 12.7% 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 95
  • 96. 0 30 60 180 10 20 30 40 50 Transfer Rate (Million Byte/Sec) Progress (Billion Byte) 0 IBM IC35L180AVV207-1 180GB ATA-2/3/4/5 UDMA100 Power Consumption (Watts) Transfer Rate (Million Byte/Sec) Access Avg. : 14.3 [ms] CPU Utilization: 76.1% 90 120 150 2 4 6 8 10 Power Consumption (Watts) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 96
  • 97. Hard disk recording • Sector • ５１２Byte block 1 4 7Track 1 Track 2 Track 3 Track 4 Track 5 Track 6 Track 7 Track 8 Track 9 2 5 8 3 6 SURFACE 1 SURFACE 2 SURFACE 3 512 Byte Data 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 97
  • 100. SSD Access scheme © impress http://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/2008/1128/hirasawa010.htm 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 100
  • 101. 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 101
  • 102. File and Directory • Unit of Data • Text, Graphics, Sounds, Videos… • File name and Extensions • Program and Applications are also files • Storing Files into Directory 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 102
  • 103. File and Directory / bin etc usr boot dev sh ls passwd bin lib vmlinuz tty01 sda1 gcc ssh 通常ファイル ディレクトリ スペシャルファイル(デバイス) パイプ 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 103
  • 104. Current and Parent / usr bin lib gcc ssh . .. Current Directory Parent Directory 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 104
  • 105. Static Link / usr bin local gcc . .. Current Directory Parent Directory bin G++Gcc-4.3 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 105
  • 106. File system Command • cd • ls (dir) • pwd (cd) • cp (copy) • mv (move, ren) • rm (del) • mkdir (md) • rmdir (rd) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 106
  • 107. Command Option • rm –r (del /s) • rm –f (del /f) • rm –rf (del /sfpow • cp –r (xcopy) • ls –a • ls -al 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 107
  • 108. UNIX Directory • /tmp /usr • /bin /usr/bin • /dev • /etc • /home • /var 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 108
  • 109. File system in UNIX I node Data block Boot block Super block11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 109
  • 110. File system • Abstraction based on files root directory /dev /home jun sd0a Plain Files Directory Special Files11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 110
  • 111. Index node 60 ． 2 98 150 ．． jun uhyo I node number 98 ． 60 100 105 ．． secret appointment 100 ． 98 160 203 ．． Licence.c Oops.c 105 ． 98 178 205 ．． Presentation.ppt Girlfriend.jpg11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 111
  • 112. Access Control -rw-r--r-- 1 uhyo kmd 30 2009-06-05 18:20 main.c - rwx rwx rwx user group all type 001 execute 010 write 100 read 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 112
  • 113. Partition FreeBSD Windows XP NetBSD Inferno FDISK Partition / Partition Swap Partition /usr Partition Internal Partition cp3540|Conner Peripherals 540MB SCSI: :ty=winchester:dt=SCSI:se#512:nt#12:ns#49:nc#1806:rm#4500: :pa#18816:oa#0:ta=4.2BSD:ba#4096:fa#512: :pb#75264:ob#18816:tb=swap: :pc#1061928:oc#0: :pf#217560:of#94080:tf=4.2BSD:bf#4096:ff#512: :pg#199920:og#311640:tg=4.2BSD:bg#4096:fg#512: :ph#550368:oh#511560:th=4.2BSD:bh#4096:fh#512: 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 113
  • 114. Turning on Your PCs 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 114
  • 115. POWER ON POST BOOTSTRAP IPL OS COMMAND INTERPRETER Process 2 Process 1 Process 3 Processor starts running from address 0 after hard reset. Usually From reset vector. I/O Check Memory Check Read IPL Read OS and run as a system task Initialize OS, run the command interpreter Start user command Initialization Running 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 115
  • 116. Agenda • Installing server on your Laptop • Knowing server from A to Z 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 116
  • 117. Q: What kind of service do you want to provide?
  • 118. サーバーって何? What is a Server? ● サービスを提供する計算機 ● Computers Providing Services o Network o Website o Software o Application o Database o File o etc.
  • 119. What is Server? • Providing service to whom requested • 24hrs 365, 366 days, forever • Continuous Operation • Unless service oriented • Stability, Safety, Security (3 S’s)
  • 120. Very Basics of an Application • INPUT and OUTPUT • When was the first application? • Operating System and Application 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 120
  • 121. What is this?uhyo@cpu.sfc.wide.ad.jp % telnet narcia.narcia.net smtp Trying 210.238.180.250... Connected to narcia.narcia.net. Escape character is '^]'. HELO cpu.sfc.wide.ad.jp 220 narcia.narcia.net ESMTP Sendmail 8.14.2/8.14.2; Mon, 17 Nov 2008 05:41:46 +0900 (JST) 250 narcia.narcia.net Hello cpu.sfc.wide.ad.jp [203.178.142.143], pleased to meet you MAIL FROM: uhyo@sfc.wide.ad.jp 250 2.1.0 uhyo@sfc.wide.ad.jp... Sender ok RCPT TO: uhyo@kmd.keio.ac.jp 250 2.1.5 uhyo@kmd.keio.ac.jp... Recipient ok data 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself THIS IS A TEST MAIL . 250 2.0.0 mAGKfkmO040256 Message accepted for delivery quit 221 2.0.0 narcia.narcia.net closing connection Connection closed by foreign host. 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 121
  • 122. What is this? uhyo@cpu.sfc.wide.ad.jp % telnet narcia.narcia.net www Trying 210.238.180.250... Connected to narcia.narcia.net. Escape character is '^]'. GET /~uhyo/uhyo.html <HTML> OH YOU CAN SEE ME !!! </HTML> Connection closed by foreign host. 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 122
  • 123. Do you want a Server? 513,325円（税別） http://jp.fujitsu.com/platform/server/primergy/products/lineup/rx600s6/
  • 124. Turning on Your PCs 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 124
  • 125. POWER ON POST BOOTSTRAP IPL OS COMMAND INTERPRETER Process 2 Process 1 Process 3 Processor starts running from address 0 after hard reset. Usually From reset vector. I/O Check Memory Check Read IPL Read OS and run as a system task Initialize OS, run the command interpreter Start user command Initialization Running 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 125
  • 126. Operating System Windows OS Unix OS Mac OS 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 126
  • 127. Basic principle in OS • Virtual Machines • Resource Management Operating System hardw are hardw are hardw are hardw are hardw are hardw are Application Application Application 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 127
  • 128. Why OS? • Keyboard 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 128
  • 130. Variety of Storage Devices Operating System IDE HDD SATA HDD SCSI HDD IDE Device Access SATA Device Access SCSI Device Access E-mail Application Accessing stored e-mail 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 130
  • 131. Resource Management • Applications access limited resources • PC = resource • Racing Conditions • Let’s watch “Anime” in Christmas eve! • But I also need to meet with my close friend • Which should I choose? • Of course “Anime”?! 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 131
  • 132. Sharing Printer • One Printer with many users • 山田君 and 佐藤君 trying to use printer at same time山田君 佐藤君 OS Printer ｔ I’m printing OK printing WAIT! Done! Your turn 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 132
  • 133. Why OS was born? • Batch processing • Resident Monitor, JCL, IOCS Resident Monitor User Program Area Single job Single program Minimum controlling mechanism Fortran Job Card $JOB $FORTRAN $LOAD $RUN $END 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 133
  • 134. Batch Process CPUJob 3 Job 2 Job 1 Courses in Restaurants Enjoy one dish at a time AppetizersSoupMain dish 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 134
  • 135. Time Sharing System Share the dishes JOB 1 JOB 2 JOB 3 Welcome to the UNIX world CPU 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 135
  • 137. Virtualization Technologies Hardware (CPU, Memory, SCSI, etc ) Operating System Application Virtualization Software Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 137
  • 138. Virtualization Technologies Using No Operating System Hardware (CPU, Memory, SCSI, etc ) Virtualization Software ( Hyper-visor Virtual machine monitor ) Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 138
  • 139. Virtualization Technologies Using Firmware Solution Hardware (CPU, Memory, SCSI, etc ) Firmware Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Guest OS Virtualization Software 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 139
  • 141. VM & Application Local VM Remote VM Alpha, Beta... Real Server Deployment Development Release Test Debug New Feature Release Process
  • 142. How to use VM? Local VM: Virtualbox Remote VM: KMD VM
  • 144. Hard Disk Partition 1DK Partition Windows Partition Linux Partition C: D: ........ Windows Program Documents User data User data / /etc swap /usr bin share /var ... log opt ... /home Documents ... Pictures ...
  • 145. UNIX/Linux Mount points / root directory ● ツリー型ディレクトリ構造の最 上層/Top level of Tree directory structure /home home directory ● ユーザーのデータ/Users’ data eg. 「/home/userA」 「/home/userB」 /usr user directory ● ソフトウェア/Softwares /var, /tmp... ● システムファイル/System Files
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  • 151. LOGIN (ログイン)，LOGOUT(ログアウト) • Authentication • Who are you? • password • User ID (UID) • Account(User name and UID) • Logout 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 151
  • 152. Login • ターミナル(端末) という抽象化 • ターミナルからPC(CPU)にアクセス • プロセス • アプリケーション 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 152
  • 154. CUI and GUI • What is the difference? • キャラクターセットのみで対話 • 画像とセットで対話 • サーバと通常のPCの違いの一つ • 遠隔からの作業が基本 • 最良な方法でサーバと対話するためには？ 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 154
  • 155. SHELL シェル • UNIXの基本操作： CUI • Character User Interface • Graphical User Interface • ユーザとサーバとの対話 • Shell Interpreter • sh, csh, bash, ksh, zsh, tcsh… 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 155
  • 156. プロンプト • $ or % • ユーザプロンプト • # • スーパーユーザ 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 156
  • 157. まずは色々やってみよう • who • Who • WHO • ｐｗｄ • ｃｄ • ｌｓ • clear • groups • hoge 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 157
  • 159. VI Editor ● ターミナルでテキストの入力と編集 ● 多様なコマンドが使用 ● マウスを使わない
  • 160. VI Editor 起動/Start Command: vi filename 指定されたファイルが無い場合は新 規作成モードとなる。 If given file doesn’t exist, this command will create a new file with the file name.
  • 161. VI Editor モード/Mode 入力モード タイプした文字がそのま ま反映される。 コマンドモ ード コマンドを使う
  • 163. How to Use “vi” editor 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 163
  • 164. “vi” command launch •vi (filename)----open the file by vi •vi +/(expression) (filename) ------ open and start the file at the fist (expression) •vi + (filename) ----open and start at the last line •vi +(line number) (filename) ---- open and start at the line number 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 164
  • 165. “vi” editor function •Two type of the mode in “vi” • Command Mode • Cursor Move, Copy & Paste, Replacement, Save file and so on • Input Mode • Input the characters into the body 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 165
  • 166. Changing Both Modes •Command mode to Input mode • “i” means inserting the characters into the left side of the cursor. • “a” means inserting the characters into the right side of the cursor. •Input mode to Command mode • “esc” change mode from input mode to command mode. 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 166
  • 167. Command Mode -cursor movement- •h -> left, j -> down, k -> up, l -> right •“Shift + g” goes to the last line •“gg” goes to the first line •“$” goes to the last column in the line •“0” zero goes to the fist column in the line •“ctrl+f” goes up to 1 page •“ctrl+b” goes down to 1 page 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 167
  • 168. Command Mode -file manipulation- •“:e” reread the file •“:wq” save the file and quit the vi •“:wq!” save the file and quit the vi forcedly •“:w” saves the file •“:help” open the help page •“:q!” quit the vi forcedly 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 168
  • 169. Editing •Remove the one character (“x”) •yyy replace xxx (:s /xxx/yyy/) •yyy replace xxx in all the lines (:%s /xxx/yyy/g) •Copy the line (yy) •Paste the copied line (p) 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 169
  • 170. Workshop for vi editor •Make 1 text file by vi •Write your name in each line by 20 lines. •Move to 1st line, then remove the 1st line. •Rewrite the “Hello vi” in 1st line and copy it into 3rd, 5th and 10th. •Replace your name by “Kazunori Sugiura” samplevi.txt 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 170
  • 171. Type this source code • Type the following source code. #include <stdio.h> int main(void){ printf(“hello vin”); printf(“hello vi and linux debiann”); return(0); } hellovi.c 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 171
  • 172. Learn more • Just do by yourself • Use vi for configuration and making source code • Utilize vi for writing down the memo 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 172
  • 173. File and Directory(Folder) bin etc usr Program Files(x86) Users sh ls passwd bin lib cos.txt SOI.pptgcc ssh uhyo keiko Mozilla firefox Documents Documents / 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 173
  • 174. Current and Parent / User keiko uhyo SOI.txt GC.txt . .. Current Directory Parent Directory 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 174
  • 175. Basic Commands Win Mac ディレクトリを変更/Change directory cd path cd path 作業(カレント)ディレクトリ を出力/Show current path cd pwd 画面をクリア/Clear the screen cls clear ディレクトリのコンテンツを 表示/Displays the contents of a directory dir ls
  • 176. Basic Commands Win Mac ディレクトリを作成/Make directory md folder mkdir folder ディレクトリを削除/Delete directory rd folder rmdir folder ファイルをコピー/Copy a file copy file1 file2 cp file1 file2 ファイルを削除/Delete file del file rm file ファイルを移動、ファイル名変 更/Move file, Rename file move path1/file path2/file mv path1/file path2/file ファイルにテキストを追記 /Write text in to file echo text > file.txt echo text > file.txt テキストファイルの内容を表示 /Displays the contents of a text file. type file cat file
  • 177. Manage your files with command • Create a new directory mkdir dir1(win) mkdir dir1(mac) • Enter that directory cd dir1 • See what’s in the directory dir (win) ls (mac)
  • 178. Manage your files with command There is nothing inside, it’s a new directory • Create a new file echo hello world > a.txt • See what’s in the file type a.txt (win) cat a.txt (mac) • Copy the file copy a.txt b.txt (win) cp a.txt b.txt (mac)
  • 179. Manage your files with command • See what’s in file b.txt Fogot the commands? Press ↑ • See what’s in the directory now
  • 180. Manage your files with command • Go to upper directory cd .. • Copy the directory copy dir1 dir2 (win) cp –r dir1 dir2 (mac) • Go see the new directory contents Windows: folder2 should be created first Mac: -r option is used for recursive copy through directory
  • 181. Manage your files with command • See what’s in dir2 • Rename a.txt move a.txt c.txt (win) mv a.txt c.txt (mac) • Delete b.txt del b.txt (win) rm b.txt (mac)
  • 182. Manage your files with command • See what’s in dir2 • See what’s in dir1 • Delete directory rmdir dir1 (win) rm –r dir1
  • 183. Access Control -rw-r--r-- 1 uhyo kmd 30 2009-06-05 18:20 main.c - rwx rwx rwx user group all type 001 execute 010 write 100 read 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 183
  • 184. Static Link / usr bin local gcc . .. Current Directory Parent Directory bin G++Gcc-4.3 11/02/2015 Keio Media Design 184