1. TRANSACTIONAL
ANALYSIS

2. Transactional Analysis
The concept was
developed by Eric
Berne

3. EGO STATES
• PARENT
• CHILD
• ADULT

4. PARENT
• This is our ingrained
voice of authority,
absorbed
conditioning, learning
and attitudes from
when we were young.
• We were conditioned
by our real parents,
teachers, older
people, next door
neighbours, aunts
and uncles

5. • Our Parent is made up of
a huge number of hidden
and overt recorded
playbacks.
• Typically embodied by
phrases and attitudes
starting with 'how to',
'under no circumstances',
'always' and 'never
forget', 'don't lie, cheat,
steal', etc, etc.
• Our parent is formed by
external events and
influences upon us as we
grow through early
childhood.

6. • The Nurturing Parent is
caring and concerned
and often may appear as
a mother-figure (though
men can play it too). They
seek to keep the Child
safe and offer
unconditional love,
calming them when they
are troubled.
• The Controlling (or
Critical) Parent tries to
make the Child do as the
parent wants them to do,
perhaps transferring
values or beliefs or
helping the Child to
understand and live in
society.

7. CHILD
• Our internal reaction and
feelings to external events
form the 'Child'.
• This is the seeing, hearing,
feeling, and emotional
body of data within each of
us. When anger or despair
dominates reason, the
Child is in control.

8. • The Natural Child is
largely un-self-aware and
is characterized by the
non-speech noises they
make (yahoo, etc.). They
like playing and are open
and vulnerable.
• Little Professor is the
curious and exploring
Child who is always trying
out new stuff (often much
to their Controlling
Parent's annoyance).
Together with the Natural
Child they make up the
Free Child.

9. • The Adaptive Child
reacts to the world
around them, either
changing themselves
to fit in or rebelling
against the forces
they feel.

10. ADULT
• Our 'Adult' is our ability to think and determine
action for ourselves, based on received data.
• The adult in us begins to form at around ten
months old, and is the means by which we keep
our Parent and Child under control.
• the Adult in us is the 'grown up' rational person
who talks reasonably and assertively, neither
trying to control nor reacting. The Adult is
comfortable with themselves and is, for many of
us, our 'ideal self'.

11. • Parent is our 'Taught' concept of life
• Adult is our 'Thought' concept of life
• Child is our 'Felt' concept of life

13. • Three Basic Concepts: Parent, Adult and
Child
• Transactions: Among P, A and C
P < -- > P
A < -- > A
C < -- > C
• There are 9 possible transactions

14. Shift in Ego States
• Parent- “Do as I do”
• Child- “What shall I do?”
• Adult- “I will be frank with you”

15. • Parent- “Why don’t you prepare a timetable?”
• Child- “What is the point when one cannot
follow it?” – Becomes an Adult.

16. Transactional Stimulus and
Response
• The initiator of the transaction is called the
transactional stimulus.
• The response of the respondent is called
transactional response.

17. • A transaction = any interaction or
communication between 2 people
• People send and receive messages out
of and into their different ego states
• How people say something (what others
hear?) is just as important as what is said

18. • This morning, Rohan said to Sheela, “Why
don’t I take you to dinner tonight?”
• Intonations: It’s the Way You Say It!

19. Placement of the
emphasis
What it means
• Why don’t I take you to
dinner tonight?
• Why don’t I take you to
dinner tonight?
• Why don’t I take you to
dinner tonight?
I was going to take someone
else.
Instead of the guy you were
going with.
I’m trying to find a reason why
I shouldn’t take you.

20. Types of Transactions
• Complementary
• Crossed
• Ulterior

21. Complementary Transactions
• Appropriate and Expected Transactions
indicating healthy human relationships.
• Communication takes place when
transactions are complementary.

22. Complementary Transactions
• Interactions, responses, actions regarded as appropriate
and expected from another person.
• Parallel communication arrows, communication
continues.
Example 1:
#1
What time do you have?
#2
I’ve got 11:15.
P
P
A
A
C
C

23. Complementary Transactions
Example 2:
P
A
A
C
C
#1
You’re late again!
#2
P
I’m sorry. It won’t
happen again.

24. • Interactions, responses, actions regarded
as appropriate and expected from another
person.
• Parallel communication arrows,
communication continues.

25. Crossed Transactions
•
•
Interactions, responses, actions NOT regarded as appropriate or
expected from another person.
Crossed communication arrows, communication breakdown.
Example 1
#
#2
P
P
A
A
C
C
What time do you have?
There’s a clock on the wall, why don’t
you figure it out yourself?

26. Crossed Transactions
This causes most difficulties in social situations.
Example 2: Parent-Child interaction
•
•
“May be, you should improve your listening skills”.
“You always find fault with me whatever I do”

27. Crossed ‘Transactions’ cont’d
Example 2
You’re late again!
Yeah, I know, I had a flat
tyre
P
P
A
A
C
C

28. Ulterior Transactions
• Interactions, responses, actions which are
different from those explicitly stated
Example 1
Oh! You are looking lovely today!!
P
P
A
A
C
C

29. Life positions
• Life positions are basic beliefs about self
and others, which are used to justify
decisions and behaviour.

31. Johari Window
Named after the first names of its
inventors, Joseph Luft and Harry
Ingham, is one of the most useful models
describing the process of human
interaction.

33. Johari Window Exercise
Objective: This is an exercise which increases self-awareness by
encouraging sharing, self-disclosure and feedback.
Draw your own Johari Windows on a sheet of paper and to fill the
panes with:
•
•
•
•
Pane 1 (Open): list things that are generally known about yourself
— hobbies etc.
Pane 2 (Blind): identify the feedback you would like to receive
about your behaviour, mannerisms etc.
Pane 3 (Hidden): identify aspects of yourself that you have not told
to anyone before, but you might be willing to share.
Pane 4 (Unknown): could include areas that they would like to
explore with the help of the group — for example your future, how
you would react in a particular situation...