Call Girls in Delhi Triveni Complex Escort Service(🔝))/WhatsApp 97111⇛47426
Introduction to Research Ethics
1. Research Ethicsأخلاقياتالبحث SohailBajammal, MBChB, MSc, FRCS(C), PhD(c) Assistant Professor, Faculty of Medicine Vice Dean, Academic Development, Faculty of Dentistry Umm Al-QuraUniversity ssbajammal@uqu.edu.sa
3. Learning Outcomes By the end of the lecture, you will be able to: Identify the importance of research ethics Anticipate ethical issues in research Identify the components of informed consent Know where to ask for help
4. Dark History Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment 1932-1972; Tuskegee, Alabama Natural history of “untreated” syphilis Subsequent Nuremberg Trials: 1946-1949; Nuremberg, Germany 12 trials, criminals of World War II The Doctors’ Trial: 23 involved in unethical experimentation on POW
5.
6. Code of Ethics Nuremberg Code (1947) Declaration of Helsinki (1964)
15. Research Problem Responsibility المسؤولية Is it a significant problem that will benefit others? Does it worth the public money? Have you done a thorough literature review to see if other studies exist? Is it ethical to repeat the study if it has been done before? Confirming Extending Refuting Competence الكفاءة Non-maleficence عدمالإيذاء Beneficence الإحسان
16. Research Question Non-maleficence عدمالإيذاء Does it expose the participants to unacceptable risks or invasion of privacy? Clearly identify the purpose of the study to participants Beneficence الإحسان
19. If in doubt….. Check it out Check with your institutional ethics review board (IRB)
20. Research Design Research Design Non-maleficence عدمالإيذاء Is your choice of the study design an ethical choice? Observational versus Interventional Benefits/Risks ratio Is it methodologically sound? Do you have the expertise to do it? ? Pilot Beneficence الإحسان Competence الكفاءة Honesty النزاهة
21. Types of Possible Harm Physical Psychological Social Economic Legal Non-maleficence عدمالإيذاء Beneficence الإحسان
22. Vulnerable Populations Justice الإنصاف Minors Minority groups Mentally incompetent Prisoners Individuals with AIDS Dignity الكرامة Autonomy الاستقلالية
23. Informed Consent About you & the research: Who are the researchers & their contact information? Who is sponsoring? What is the purpose of the research? Competence الكفاءة Integrity الاستقامة Responsibility المسؤولية Honesty النزاهة
24. Informed Consent Justice الإنصاف About the participants: How were they selected? Assurance that: Their participation is voluntary They can withdraw at any time What are the benefits & risks for them? What is the level and type of their involvement? How will you ensure their confidentiality? Autonomy الاستقلالية Non-maleficence عدمالإيذاء Confidentiality السرية
25. Data Collection Respect participants & research sites Respect privacy & confidentiality MONITOR
26. Data Analysis How will you protect the anonymity of participants? How will you analyze the data? Do you have the experience? How long will you keep the data once analyzed? Where & how will you keep it?
27. Research Dissemination Authorship: Who will do what & when? Authorship order Conflicts of interests: financial Integrity الاستقامة Honesty النزاهة
28. Research Dissemination Reporting: Fabrication Falsification Plagiarism: Copying without citing Paraphrasing without citing Using other’s ideas without citing Integrity الاستقامة Honesty النزاهة
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. Retractions Wager: 1988 and 2008: 529 retractions Woolley: 1978 to 2008: 463 retractions in English-language literature 40% due to misconduct in the 80s 60% due to misconduct in the 2000s Nicola Jones. Nature Medicine. 2009
40. Summary Ethical principles of research Anticipate ethical issues during: Research problem, question & design Data collection, analysis, and dissemination Components of informed consent Consult IRB: “If in doubt, check it out” ssbajammal@uqu.edu.sa
Notas del editor
Privacy: the rights of individuals to hold information about themselves free from the knowledge of othersConfidentiality: the assurance that information about identifiable persons will not be disclosed without consent except as allowed by law
If a similar study of yours exist, why do you need to repeat it?? Maybe the conclusion was not clear & you want to confirm it, extend it, or refute it.
Plagiarism is the use of someone else’s words or ideas as your own without giving appropriate credit or without the person’s consent to use his or her words or ideas without acknowledgment