1. Th e
C r is is
of
A u t h o r it
y
Alberto Lopez
Demi Caceres
Brandon Alvarado
Alyssa Secreto

2. T h e Yo u t h
Ò Patterns of Social t u r e
C u l and
cultural protest
emerged from younger
Americans who were
protesting:
ÉThe political left
ÉThe vision of
“liberation”

3. Th e N e w L e ft
Ò Young Americans who consisted
of the post war baby-boom
generation created a new and
diverse group called the New
Left.
Ò The New Left- a group that
consisted of college students
who drew from the writings of
social critics from the 1950s.
Ò Inspiration for New Left drew
from the Civil Rights Movement.

4. Th e N e w L e ft
( c o nt.)
Ò In 1962 students from prestigious universities gathered
in Michigan to form the Students for a Democratic
Society (SDS) to give voice to their demands.
Ò Port Huron Statement expressed the disillusionment
with the society they had inherited and their
determination to build new politics.
Ò SDS moved into inner city neighborhoods without
success to mobilize poor, working class politically.

5. Fre e
S peec h
M o ve me
nt
In 1969, Turmoil at Berkeley was caused by students
who challenged authorities due to them wanting to
pass out literature and recruit volunteers for political
causes on campus.

6. P e o p le ’ s P a r k
Ò In 1969, Berkeley became a
scene of conflict due to a
battle over the efforts of a few
students to build “People’s
Park” on a vacant lot.
Ò By the end of People’s Park
battle the Berkeley Campus
was completely polarized.

7. Th e C o u n te r
C u lt u r e
Ò “Hippies”
É A youth culture that were very
liberal on drugs, alcohol, and sex.
Ò Birth Control ,Abortions, and
Sexual Revolution
Ò H a ig h t A s h b u r y
É Consisted of “hippies” who were
social dropouts and rejected
modern society.

8. Roc k N’ R o ll
Ò Reflected the new iconoclastic values of the times.
Ò Artists who influenced during this time was
É Beatles
É Rolling Stones
É Elvis Presley
É Buddy Holly

9. T h e M o b iliz a t io n
o f M in o r it ie s

10. S e e d s o f In d ia n
M ilit a n c y
Ò The American Indians or Native Americans were the
least prosperous, least healthy, and least stable group
in the nation.
Ò After the resignation of John Collier, commission of
Indian Affairs in 1946, the federal policy toward Indians
had been to incorporate them within mainstream
American society.
Ò The struggles against termination led to the
development of the National Congress of American
Indians (NCIA).

11. T h e In d ia n C iv il
R ig h t s M o v e m e n t
Ò In 1961, the Declaration of
Indian Purpose stressed the
Indians’ “right to choose
their own way of life.”
Ò A you group of Indians
created the American Indian
Movement (AIM) which drew
support from urban areas.
Ò A political result of Indian
activism was the Indian Civil
Rights Act
É Recognized legitimacy of
tribal laws within
reservations

12. Wo u n d e d K n e e
Sioux Massacre 1890

13. O c c u p a t io n o f
Wo u n d e d K n e e
Ò On February 1973, members of AIM seized and
occupied the town of Wounded Knee, SD for two
months, the site of Sioux massacre in 1890.
Ò AIM demanded more changes in the administration of
the reservations and long forgotten treaties.
É United States v. Wheeler
É County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation

14. L a t in o A c t iv is m
Ò Latinos or Hispanic Americans
were the fastest growing minority
group in the U.S.
Ò Large number of Puerto Ricans
migrated to eastern cities –
Castro’s regime 1960s.
Ò During WWII, large numbers of
Mexican Americans migrated
due to labor shortage.
Ò Operation Wetback
É deport the illegals but failed
due to new arrivals

15. C e s a r C ha ve z
An activist who created the effective United Farm
Workers (UFW) to demand recognition of their union
and increase wages and benefits.

16. L a t in o A c t iv is m
Ò Latinos: the issue
(ofc o n t . )
bilingualism
Ò The issue revolved
around bilingualism in
education and how it
was a barrier to non
English speakers.
Ò Opponents feared the
difficulty and dangers
bilingualism posed to
American culture.

17. C h a lle n g in g t h e
“ M e lt in g p o t ”
Ò The challenges of African Americans, Latinos, Indians,
Asians, and others allowed for a considerable degree
of cultural pluralism.
Ò Recognized and allowed for the integration of of ethnic
studies in universities.
Ò “Multiculturalism”

18. G a y L ib e r a t io n
Ò Most recent liberation which allowed for major gains of
gays and lesbians for political and social acceptance.
Ò Allowed for the Gays and Lesbians to express their
preferences openly and unapologetic.
Ò G&L’s achieved the same stepping stones as some
minorities.
Ò “Don’t ask don’t tell Policy” (1993)

19. “ S t o n e W a ll
On June 27, 1969 R i o t ” raided the Stone Wall
police officers
Inn when the police raided and began to arrest patrons
for attending the nightclub. Marked the beginning of the
movement.

20. Th e N e w
F e m in is m

21. T h e R e b ir t h
Ò The publication of Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique
in 1963
É Claimed that the suburbs provided no opportunities
for women to use their intelligence, talent, and
education.
Ò National Organization for Women (NOW)
É Responded to women’s complaints by demanding
greater educational opportunities for women.
É Called for “a fully equal partnership of the sexes, as
part of the worldwide revolution of human rights.”

22. Wo m e n ’ s
Ò By the early 1970s, young r a t i o n
L ib e
feminists expressed harsher
critiques of American society
than that of Freidan’s
É Kate Millett’s Sexual Politics
(1969) argued that “every
avenue of power within the
society is entirely within
male hands” so that women
could unite to assault male
power structure.
É http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E9TlSiMSdPk

23. E x p a n d in g
Ò
A c h i e v half m e n t s
By the mid-1970s, nearly
e
of all married women and 90
percent of women with college
degree worked.
Ò Women were beginning to
compete effectively with men
for elected and appointed
positions.
É First Supreme Court justice
(1981) – Sandra Day
O’Connor
É Democratic vice presidential
candidate (1984) –
Geraldine Ferraro of New
York
É Democratic presidential
candidate (2008) – Hillary

24. E x p a n d in g
A c h ie v e m e n t s . . .
Ò In 1972, Congress approved the Equal Rights Act (ERA)
Amendment to the Constitution.
Ò The ERA failed in 1982 because people feared it would
disrupt traditional social patterns.

25. T h e A b o r t io n
C o ntro ve rs y
Ò By the beginning of the
twentieth century,
abortion was banned by
statute in most of the
country until the 1960s.
Ò Women created strong
new pressures to
legalize abortion:
É Roe v. Wade
invalidated all laws
prohibiting abortion
during the “first
trimester”

26. E n v ir o n m e n t a lis m
in a t u r b u le n t
s o c ie t y

27. T h e N e w S c ie n c e
o f E c o lo g y
By the twentieth Century, Scientists began to create a new belief
for rationale for environmentalism: ecology
Ecology was the scientific belief that there was interrelatedness
within the natural world.
Zoologist Stephen A. Forbes
Aldo Leopold, 1949 The Sand County Almanac
“Land Ethic”
Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring-influential book that influenced the
DDT in the U.S in 1972
Between 1945 and 1960, ecological science was funded by
government agencies, universities, foundations, etc. it gradually
became a field of its own.

28. E n v ir o n m e n t a l
Ad vo c a c y
Important environmental
organizations predated the rise
of modern ecological science.
(The Sierrra Club, The
Wilderness Society, etc.)
Out of organizations emerged
new generation of professional
environmental activists able to
contribute to the legal and
political battles of the
movement.
Scientists, lawyers, lobbyists.

29. E n v ir o n m e n t a l
D ecaused by the postwar era was
The damage
g r a d a t io n
impossible to ignore by 1960s.
Water pollution was seen in major cities, unpleasant
sight and odor in rivers and lakes.
Air was becoming unhealthy due to toxic fumes from
factories and power plants. Automobiles were
poisoning the atmosphere.
Weather forecasts began using the word “smog.”
Environmentalists put public attention to depletion of
oil and other fossil fuels, “acid rain,”destruction of vast
rain forests.

30. E a rth D a y a nd
B people gatheredd over the US for
On April 22, 1970
e y o n all
the first “Earth Day.”
originally proposed by Wisconsin senator Gaylord
Nelson.
“Earth Day” appealing to many who avoided the
radical left and did not want to involve themselves with
threatening rallies.
20 million Americans participated making it the largest
single demonstration in nation’s history.
1970 National Environmental Protection Act
The Clean Air Act 1970 and Clean Water Act 1972

31. N ix o n , K is s in g e r ,
a n d Th e Wa r

32. V ie t n a m iz a t io n
President Nixon appointed Henry Kissinger, a Harvard
professor, as his national security adviser.
Despite the fact that both William Rogers, secretary of
state, and Melvin Laird, secretary of defense, were
much more experienced in public life than Kissinger
was, he immediately established dominance over both
of them.
Nixon and Kissinger set out to find an acceptable
solution to the stalemate in Vietnam.
The new Vietnam policy was an effort to limit domestic
opposition to the war.

33. V ie t n a m iz a t io n
The administration devised a n t . )
( c o new “lottery” system, through
which only a limited group would be subject to conscription;
the limited group usually consisted of 19 year olds with low
lottery numbers.
By 1973, the Selective Service System was on its way to at
least temporary extinction.
The new policy of “Vietnamization” of the war:
The training and equipping of the South Vietnamese
military to take over burden of combat from American
forces.
It helped quiet domestic opposition to the war.

34. E s c a la t io n :
Nixon and Kissinger developed an effective way to tip the
military balance in America’s favor by destroying the bases
in Cambodia.
• The Americans believed that the North Vietnamese were
launching their attacks from Cambodia.
• In the spring of 1970, possibly with U.S. encouragement
and support, conservative military leaders overthrew the
neutral government of Cambodia and established a new,
pro-American regime under General Lon Nol.
• On April 30, Nixon televised his announcement in which he
spoke about ordering troops American troops across the
border into Cambodia to “clean out” the bases that the
enemy had been using for its “increased military

35. C o n t in u e d
Unfortunately for President Nixon, millions of Americans were upset with his
actions that the most widespread and vocal antiwar demonstrations were
seen in the first days of May.
The mood of the crisis intensified greatly on May 4, when four college
students were killed and nine other injured when members of the National
Guard opened fire on antiwar demonstrators at Kent State University in Ohio.
By 1971, nearly two-thirds of those interviewed in public opinion polls were
urging American withdrawal from Vietnam.
In March 1972, the North Vietnamese mounted their biggest offensive sine
1968 (the so-called Eastern offensive).
Despite the lack of support from the Americans, American and South
Vietnamese forces managed to halt the communist advance.

36. “ P e a c e w it h
H onor”
In April 1972, the president dropped his longtime
insistence on a removal of North Vietnamese troops from
the south before any American withdrawal.
On October 26, only days before the presidential election,
Kissinger announced that “peace was at hand” in which
Americans and North Vietnamese were ready to accept
the Kissinger-Tho plan for a cease-fire.
On December 17, American B-52s began the heaviest
and most destructive air raids of the entire war on Hanoi,
Haiphong and other North Vietnamese targets as a result
of the failed negotiations between the two nations.
On December 30, Nixon ended the “Christmas Bombing.”

37. “ P e a c e w it h
H 27, 1973, both the United States ando nVietnamese
On January
o n o r ” ( c North t . )
signed an “agreement on ending the war and restoring peace in
Vietnam.”
The terms of Paris accord were little different from those Kissinger
and Tho had accepted in principle a few months before:
There would be an immediate cease-fire.
The North Vietnamese would release several hundred American
prisoners of war.

38. D e f e a t in
In d o c h in a
American forces were hardly out of Indochina before the Paris accords collapsed.
In March 1975, the North Vietnamese launched a full-scale offensive against the
now greatly weakened forces of the south.
Thieu appealed to Washington for assistance; the president (now Gerald Ford;
Nixon had resigned in 1974) appealed to Congress for additional funding;
Congress refused.
Late in April 1975, communist forces marched into Saigon, shortly after officials of
the Thieu regime and the staff of the American embassy had fled the country in
humiliating disarray.
A beautiful land had been ravaged, its agrarian economy left in ruins; for many
years after, Vietnam remained one of the poorest and most politically oppressive
nations in the world.

41. N ix o n , K is s in g e r ,
a n d t h e W o r ld
The Vietnam War provided a dismal backdrop to : the
construction of a new international order.
America wanted to adopt a new “multipolar” International
Structure in which China, Japan, and Western Europe
would become major independent forces.
The U.S. , China, Soviet Union, and Japan would help
balance each other , not playing one against the other.

42. C h in a a n d t h e
S o v ie t U n io n
Nixon and Kissinger wanted to forge a new
relationship between the Chinese communists- in part
to strengthen them as a counterbalance to the Soviet
Union.
The United Nations admitted the Communist China
and expelled the Taiwan Regime.
In 1972 the United States began to have low-level
diplomatic relations with China.
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)- US and
Soviet Union met and talked about the limitation of
nuclear weapons.

43. N ix o n , K is s in g e r ,
a n d t h e W o r ld
The Problems with Solarity

44. T h e P r o b le m s o f
M u lt ip o la r it y
Nixon and Kissinger believed
that great-power relationships
could not alone ensure
international stability, for the
“Third World” remained the most
volatile and dangerous source of
international tension.
Nixon Doctrine: 1969-1970
The United States would
“participate in the defense and
development of allies and friends”
but would leave the “basic
responsibility” for the future of
those “friends” to the nations
themselves.
In practice, it meant a declining

45. The “Six Day War”
• In 1967, Israel gained control of the city of Jerusalem
and was able to gain some new territory along the way.
In October 1973, on the Jewish High Holy Day of Yon
Kippur, Egyptian and Syrian forces attacked Israel.
• It was a strong and effective counteroffensive which
lasted for ten days.
• Meanwhile, the U.S. was applying a great amount of
pressure on the Israelites.
The Arab Oil Embargo was an event where Arabs had
placed an embargo on oil causing a great amount of
suffering on the Israeli supporters.
It provided an ominous warning of the costs of losing
access to the region’s resources.
P r o b le m s o f M u lt ip o la r it y

46. e P r o b le m s o f M u lt ip o la r it y
• Richard Nixon responded to
the Arab Oil Embargo by
signing the Emergency
Highway Conservation Act.
• The law offered the states a
choice: impose a 55 mph
maximum speed limit or forego
federal highway funds
• It was impossible for the U.S.
to ignore the interest of the
Arab nations.
• The U.S. could no longer
depend on cheap, easy access
to raw materials as it had in the
past.

47. P o lit ic s a n d
E c o n o m ic s
U n d e r N ix o n

48. D o m e s t ic In it ia t e
 Nixon’s domestic policies were a response to the
demands of conservative middle class people who he
liked to call “silent majority.”
 Nixon began to reduce or dismantle many of the social
programs of the great society.

49. F r o m th e Wa r r e n
C ourt
T O T H E N IX O N
C OURT

50. Wa r r e n C o u r t
Ò In 1950s and 1960s, none had evoked more anger
and bitterness than the Supreme Court due to its
rulings on racial matters and its staunch defense of
civil liberties.
É Engel v. Vitale (1962)
É Roth v. United States (1957)
É Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
É Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
É Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

51. Wa r r e n C o u r t
Ò One of the most
important decisions of
the Warren Court in
the 1960s was Baker
v. Carr (1962) which
required state
legislatures to
apportion electoral
districts so that all
citizens’ votes would
have equal weight.

52. N ix o n C o u r t
Ò Nixon was determined to use his judicial appointments
to give the court a more conservative cast.
Ò He appointed Warren Burger, Clement F. Haynsworth
(rejected because Nixon believed he was from the
South).
É Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
(1971)
É Furman v. Georgia (1972)
É Roe v. Wade (1973)
É Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
Ò Bakke v. Board of Regents of California (1978) was a
celebrated action by the Nixon court because it
established restrictive new guidelines for programs in
the future

53. E l e c t i o n o f 19 7 2
Ò Nixon entered the presidential race refraining from
campaigning and concentrating on publicized
international decisions and state visits.
Ò Nixon’s Democratic opponent George Wallace was
assassinated at a rally in Maryland.
Ò The Democrats nominated George McGovern in
replacement.
Ò On election day, Nixon won reelection by one of the
largest margin in history: 60.7% of the popular vote
compared with 37.5% for McGovern, and an electoral
margin of 520 to 17.

54. T h e Tr o u b le d
E c onomy
Ò Inflation became the most disturbing economic
problem of the 1970s caused by a significant increase
in federal deficit spending that began in the 1960s.
Ò Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) began to use its oil as economic tool and
political weapon.
Ò US manufacturing faced major competition from
abroad as they established major footholds in the US
markets.
Ò The 1970s marked painful process of
deindustrialization in which thousands of factories
across the country closed their gates and millions of
workers lost their jobs.

55. T h e N ix o n
R e s pons e
Ò The Nixon administration responded to the mounting
economic problems by focusing on the one thing it
thought it could control: Inflation.
Ò In 1971, Nixon imposed a 90 day freeze on all wages
and prices at their existing levels.
Ò Nixon launched an economic plan called Phase II,
mandatory guidelines for wage and prices increases to
be administered by a federal agency.