Biochemistry 2

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Biochemistry
The Scope of Biochemistry
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Introduction
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Revolution in biological
sciences:
Biochemistry becomes the
heart of this revolution.
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Designing Molecules
 6-Mercaptopurine
 3‘Azido-2’,3’-dideoxythymidine (AZT)
 Isoproterenol
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Two factors for the
contribution:
 Living matter obeys the same fundamental physical
and chemical laws that govern all matter.
 Powerful new research techniques are discovered.
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What is Biochemistry ?
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Goals of Biochemistry
 Describe structure, organization, function of cells in
molecular terms.
Structural Chemistry
Metabolism
Molecular Genetics
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Roots of Biochemistry (Figure 1.3)
 Wohler's synthesis of urea
 Buchners' fermentation of sugar from yeast extracts
 Sumner's crystallization of urease
 Flemming's discovery of chromosomes
 Mendel's characterization of genes
 Miescher's isolation of nucleic acids
 Watson and Crick's structure of DNA
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Biochemistry as a Discipline and
an interdisciplinary science :
 Organic chemistry
 Biophysics
 Medical research
 Nutrition
 Microbiology
 Physiology
 Cell biology
 genetics
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Biochemistry as a Chemical Science
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 Amino acids
 Sugars
 Lipids
 Nucleotides
 Vitamins
 Hormones
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Chemical Elements of Living
Matter
(Figure 1.4, Table 1.1)
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Biological Molecules
 Monomers/Polymers (Figure 1.7)
 Sugar/Polysaccharide
 Nucleotide/Nucleic Acids
 Amino acid/Polypeptides (Figure 1.6)
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Biochemistry as a Biological Science
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Distinguishing Characteristics of Living Matter
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 Constant renewal of a highly ordered structure
accompanied by an increase in complexity of that
structure
 Overcoming entropy requires energy
 Life is self-replicating
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Unit of Biological Organization:
The Cell (Figure 1.8, Figure 1.9)
 Prokaryotes (Table 1.2)
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
 Eukaryotes
(Compartmentalization of organelles)
(Figure 1.11, Figure 1.13)
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Windows on Cellular Functions:
The Viruses
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New Tools in the Biological Revolution
(Figure 1.15)
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The Uses of Biochemistry
 Agriculture
 Medicine
 Nutrition
 Clinical Chemistry
 Pharmacology
 Toxicology
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Biochemistry 2

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Biochemistry 2