A brief history, structure and features of fibre optics cables are discuss in the paper.

1. Fibre OpticsFibre Optics
Usman N InuwaUsman N Inuwa

2. ContentContent
Introduction
What is Fibre of Optics
How Fibre Optics carry light
Advantages
Disadvantages
Conclusion

3. IntroductionIntroduction
Fibre optics simply means the use of light toFibre optics simply means the use of light to
transmit datatransmit data
In 1840s Daniel Colladon discovered heIn 1840s Daniel Colladon discovered he
could shine light along a water pipe. Thecould shine light along a water pipe. The
water carried the light by internal reflection.water carried the light by internal reflection.
In 1960s researchers at the Corning GlassIn 1960s researchers at the Corning Glass
Company made the first fiber optics cable ofCompany made the first fiber optics cable of
carrying telephone signals.carrying telephone signals.
Since that time the use of fiber optics hasSince that time the use of fiber optics has
increased dramatically.increased dramatically.

4. What is Fibre OpticsWhat is Fibre Optics
Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thinFiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin
strands of very pure glass about the diameterstrands of very pure glass about the diameter
of a human hair.of a human hair.
They are arranged in bundles called opticalThey are arranged in bundles called optical
cables and used to transmit light signals overcables and used to transmit light signals over
long distances.long distances.
Used as a medium for telecommunicationUsed as a medium for telecommunication
and networking because it is flexible and canand networking because it is flexible and can
be bundled as cables.be bundled as cables.
Advantageous for long-distanceAdvantageous for long-distance
communications, because light propagatescommunications, because light propagates

5. Structure of Fibre Optics CableStructure of Fibre Optics Cable
CoreCore:: central section, madecentral section, made
of silica, is the lightof silica, is the light
transmitting region.transmitting region.
CladdingCladding:: This creates anThis creates an
optical wave guide whichoptical wave guide which
confines the light in theconfines the light in the
core by total reflection atcore by total reflection at
the core-cladding interface.the core-cladding interface.
CoatingCoating:: first non-opticalfirst non-optical
layer around the cladding.layer around the cladding.
consists of one or moreconsists of one or more
layers of a polymer thatlayers of a polymer that
protect the silica structureprotect the silica structure
against physical oragainst physical or
environmental damage.environmental damage.

6. How Fibre Optics carry LightHow Fibre Optics carry Light
MultimodeMultimode:: The core diameter isThe core diameter is
(40um) and that of cladding(40um) and that of cladding
is(70um)is(70um)
Not suitable for long distanceNot suitable for long distance
communication due to largecommunication due to large
dispersion and attenuation ofdispersion and attenuation of
the signal.the signal.
Single modeSingle mode:: HHas small coreas small core
diameter(5um) and high claddingdiameter(5um) and high cladding
diameter(70um) and thediameter(70um) and the
difference between the refractivedifference between the refractive
index of core and cladding isindex of core and cladding is
very small.very small.
No degradation of signal duringNo degradation of signal during
travelling through the fibertravelling through the fiber

7. AdvantageAdvantage
Low costLow cost
High BandwidthHigh Bandwidth
Less signal degradationLess signal degradation
SecuritySecurity
Immune to electromagnetic interferenceImmune to electromagnetic interference
Non-flammableNon-flammable
Low power lossLow power loss

8. DisadvantagesDisadvantages
CostCost
ProtectionProtection
FragilityFragility
Affected by chemicalsAffected by chemicals

9. ConclusionConclusion
““As we approach the half century mark for theAs we approach the half century mark for the
dawn of the era of optical communications, it isdawn of the era of optical communications, it is
appropriate to take stock of the journey ofappropriate to take stock of the journey of
discovery and application of this empoweringdiscovery and application of this empowering
technology.” Malcolm Johnsontechnology.” Malcolm Johnson
Brief history, structure and characteristics of fibreBrief history, structure and characteristics of fibre
optics cable inaddition with advantages andoptics cable inaddition with advantages and
disadvantages of it were covered.disadvantages of it were covered.
To end the discussion, the widespread use of fiberTo end the discussion, the widespread use of fiber
began with the push from the telecommunicationsbegan with the push from the telecommunications
industry, making it common in every place.industry, making it common in every place.

10. ConclusionConclusion
““As we approach the half century mark for theAs we approach the half century mark for the
dawn of the era of optical communications, it isdawn of the era of optical communications, it is
appropriate to take stock of the journey ofappropriate to take stock of the journey of
discovery and application of this empoweringdiscovery and application of this empowering
technology.” Malcolm Johnsontechnology.” Malcolm Johnson
Brief history, structure and characteristics of fibreBrief history, structure and characteristics of fibre
optics cable inaddition with advantages andoptics cable inaddition with advantages and
disadvantages of it were covered.disadvantages of it were covered.
To end the discussion, the widespread use of fiberTo end the discussion, the widespread use of fiber
began with the push from the telecommunicationsbegan with the push from the telecommunications
industry, making it common in every place.industry, making it common in every place.