social welfare concepts

1. CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL WORK
TOPIC
RESIDUAL AND INSTITUTIONAL MODELS OF WELFARE
SUBMITTED TO: DR.MOHAMMAD JAFFAR
SUBMITTED BY: UZMA BATOOL
ROLL NO. 01
PROGRAM: M.PHIL
SEMESTER: SECOND
DATED: 09-02-2018
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK

2. CONTENTS
1. MEANING OF SOCIAL WELFARE
a) Well-being
b) Range of services
c) Financial assistance
2. DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WELFARE
a) The 'welfare state'
b) Arguments for welfare
3. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RESIDUAL & INSTITUTIONAL
WELFARE CONCEPTS IN SOCIAL WORK
a) Institutional Social Work Applications
b) Institutional Social Work
c) Residual Social Work Applications
d) Residual Social Work
e) Characteristics of Residual Social welfare approach
f) Characteristics of institutional/ developmental approach
4. Models of Social Welfare in Advanced Industrialized Countries

3. Residual And Institutional Models Of Welfare
Meaning of Welfare
Welfare is an ambiguous term, used in three main senses:
1. Well-being
2. Range of services
3. Financial assistance
1. Well-being
A good or satisfactory condition of existence; a state characterized by health, happiness, and
prosperity; welfare: to influence the well-being of the nation and its people. Welfare commonly
refers to 'well-being'. In welfare economics, welfare is understood in terms of 'utility'; people's
well-being or interests consist of the things they choose to have.
2. Range of services
Welfare also refers to the range of services which are provided to protect people in a number of
conditions, including childhood, sickness and old age, Pension, social justice, community development,
adult literacy programs, mother and child health programs.
Financial assistance
Financial Assistance and Social Services (FASS) consist of direct funding and activities related
to financial assistance, including general assistance, child assistance, burial assistance,
emergency assistance, and adult care assistance; social services, including services to children,
the elderly and families, child and adult protection services.
In the United States, welfare refers specifically to financial assistance to poor people (e.g.
Temporary Aid to Needy Families). This usage is not generally reflected elsewhere, but it has
been adopted by politicians in the UK in recent years.
Welfare is often associated with needs, but it goes beyond what people need; to achieve well
being, people must have choices, and the scope to choose personal goals and ambitions.

4. Definition of Social Welfare
Social welfare generally refers to states’ services designed to protect citizens from the economic
risks and insecurities of life. The western style social welfare programmes were installed in
response to industrialization in urban cities. Over the decades, a general consensus is reached
that states are responsible for protecting all those unable to care for themselves for whatever
reasons.
Social welfare is a matter of right rather than of need. Financing of states’ social welfare
programmes basically comes from public revenue. In this regard, social welfare is one of the
systems of transfer payments to bridge the gap between the poor and the rich.
Nature of states services more comprehensive
nature of social welfare programmes becoming more comprehensive and diversified, covering
increasingly more sectors of the society, meeting more identified needs; the earlier version of
social welfare has changed substantially in the modern era.
In the modern era social welfare is often interpreted with a broad meaning to include public
provisions of education, health,housing and public assistance.
Ideal welfare state
In an ideal welfare state the government plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the
economic and social well-being of its citizens, based on the principles of equality of opportunity,
equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of
the minimal provisions for a reasonable standard of life.
The 'welfare state'
The idea of the welfare state means different things in different countries.
 An ideal model. The "welfare state" often refers to an ideal model of provision, where the
state accepts responsibility for the provision of comprehensive and universal welfare for
its citizens.
 State welfare. Some commentators use it to mean nothing more than "welfare provided
by the state". This is the main use in the USA.
 Social protection. In many "welfare states", notably those in Western Europe and
Scandinavia, social protection is not delivered only by the state, but by a combination of
government, independent, voluntary, and autonomous public services. The "welfare state"
in these countries is then a system of social protection rather than a scheme operated by
government.
The most prevalent model in much of Europe is probably the third, strongly identified with the
idea of solidarity and mutual aid

5. Arguments for welfare
The basic arguments for collective provision are
Humanitarian. Concerns about poverty and need have been central to many developments.
Religious. Several of the world's major religions make charity a religious duty. Beyond charity,
Catholicism recognizes a duty of social solidarity (or mutual social responsibility); Judaism,
Islam and Lutheran Christianity require collective responsibility for one's community.
Mutual self-interest. Many welfare systems have developed, not from state activity, but from a
combination of mutualist activities, gradually reinforced by government.
Democratic. Social protection has developed in tandem with democratic rights.
Practical. Welfare provision has economic and social benefits. Countries with more extensive
systems of social protection tend to be richer and have less poverty. (The main difficulty of
evaluating this is knowing which comes first, wealth or welfare.)
There is scarcely a government in the world that does not recognize the force of these arguments
and make some form of collective social provision. The real disputes are not about whether
welfare should exist, but about how much provision there should be, and how it should be done.
A social welfare model
A social welfare model is a system of social welfare provision and its accompanying value
system. It usually involves social policies that affect the welfare of a country's citizens within the
framework of a market or mixed economy.
Welfare State models in a process of development. This relates to countries that are still in the
process of maturing their welfare states. Their programmes of state aid and indicators of quality
of life are below those in the previously mentioned groups. Their high levels of infant mortality
and low life expectancies reflect the difficult social situations found in these countries. (Georgia,
Rumania and Moldavia).

6. Differences between Residual & Institutional in Social
Workby Natalie Andrews
Residual Social Work
Social work becomes "residual" when its nature is reactive or gap-filling. This approach deals with needs as
they come; it attends to visible needs that can't be addressed by other societal means. As a prerequisite, this
system first ensures that all other efforts and measures have been depleted -- support from family, market
economy and religious institutions -- before assistance measures are given. It is short-term in that it is
withdrawn when the person in need of aid becomes capable of independence from the system.
 Residual welfare Welfare provision is often seen as being for the poor. This was the
dominant model in English-speaking countries; the English Poor Law (1601-1948) was
exported to many other countries. This has been taken as the model of a residual system
of welfare, in which welfare is a safety net, confined to those who are unable to manage
otherwise.
Institutional Social Work
Institutional social work takes the approach that everyone deserves to be supported by the community and the
government, even without an obvious and direct request for help, so each person can become self-sufficient.
It’s also preventive in nature, because it anticipates problems that may arise and resolves them as early as
possible. For example, if one of the main social problems in a community is lack of education, social workers
focus on giving free education to everyone, regardless of their personal circumstance.
 Institutional welfare An institutional system is one in which need is accepted as a normal
part of social life. Welfare is provided for the population as a whole, in the same way as
public services like roads or schools might be. In an institutional system, welfare is not
just for the poor: it is for everyone.
Residual Social Work Applications
Since residual social work is reactive, it only acts when the problem is obvious and already needs immediate
attention. Residual social work often caters to poor and underprivileged members of society and it’s often
funded by philanthropic individuals belonging to the middle and upper class. Examples of residual social work
include services for battered women and children, mental institutions, orphanages, emergency evacuation and
housing, food stamps and rent subsidies. All these examples cater to problems already faced by the individual.
Residual social workers also often provide people with jobs and other sources of income so that these
individuals can survive on their own in the future.
Institutional Social Work Applications
Institutional social work focuses on giving each person equal opportunity to be supported, whatever their
circumstance. Government-funded social services are some of the best examples of this type, as it is offered to
everyone without the need for application or justification. Examples of institutional social services include free
daycare programs, free education, and social security programs. These services do not distinguish the need of
one individual from another and it can be availed by anyone who wants it. Some other examples of
institutional social work include free medical services, government-funded scholarship programs and housing
subsidies.

7. Characteristics ofResidual Social welfare approach
 Help provided only when needs are unmet by other institutions- family, religious institution,
market, etc.
 Viewed as a safety net
 Temporary and viewed as negative
 Stigma attached. It is curative
 Sees poor as incompetent, second-class citizens & provides second class services
Characteristics ofinstitutional/ developmental approach
 SW is considered as a first line defense of modern industrialized society.
 Seen as normal and accepted way of fulfilling social needs.
 No stigma attached. It is preventative.
 Recognizes the need for variety of social services to maintain good standard of living.
 Social problems are rooted in social structure and hence planned social change.

8. Models of Social Welfare in Advanced Industrialized Countries
The American researchers, Wilensky and Lebeaux hold that two distinctive notions of
social welfare
Residual and institutional — Models of Welfare for Developing Countriesc. The residual
conception of welfare stipulates that 'social welfare institutions will come into play only when
the normal structures of supply, the family, and the market, break down' (Wilensky and Lebeaux,
1965:38). In the residual model, the scope of welfare is thus minimal.
Social welfare services are largely undeveloped and non-statutory forms of welfare are
more prominent. This model sees public assistance and services as catering mainly to low
income groups. Assistance is similar to charity with its accompanying stigma. The idea of social
rights or entitlement to a basic minimum level of living is absent. There are no clearly defined
and accepted national minimum standards toward which the social welfare institution is directed.
In contrast, the institutional concept 'sees welfare services as a normal, first-line function of
modern industrial society' (Wilensky and Lebeaux, 1965:138). This notion of welfare implies 'no
stigma, no emergency, and no abnormalcy.
Social welfare becomes accepted as a proper, legitimate function of modern industrial
society in helping individuals achieve self-achievement' (Wilensky and Lebeaux, 1965:139) In
this model, citizens are entitled to a range of benefits and services.
Basic services include education, medical services and old age pensions. By and large,
benefits are paid for and received by all. The idea of national minimum standards is usually
found in this approach. Basic needs at a reasonable minimum standard are met by social welfare
services. Wilensky and Lebeaux (1965) predict that social welfare development in almost all
western industrialized countries would move from a residual to an institutional pattern. They
even suggest that as industrialization proceeds, the institutional concept will finally prevail.

9. References
www.lwb.gov.hk/download/services/events/040411.../16_joseph_kwok_paper.pdf
http://www.learneurope.eu/index.php?cID=300
https://pocketsense.com/differences-residual-institutional-social-work-7099.html
https://www.bia.gov/bia/ois/dhs/financial-assistance
Industrial achievement/performance Welfare has often been seenas a 'handmaiden' to the
economy. It helps employers, by pre
http://www.spicker.uk/social-policy/socpol.htm
http://ijsw.tiss.edu/greenstone/collect/ijsw/index/assoc/HASH5998/8b44708b.dir/doc.pdf