Development and assessment of drinking water supply schemes for solapur town

DEVELOPMENT and ASSESSMENT OFDRINKING WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES FOR SOLAPUR TOWN
Dr. VadagbalkarShrinivasKrishnaji Page 1
DEVELOPMENT and ASSESSMENT OF
DRINKING WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES FOR SOLAPUR TOWN
DR. VADAGBALKAR S.K.
I/C Principal and Head, Department of Geology
D.B.F. Dayanand College of Arts and Science, Solapur-413002, Maharashtra State, INDIA
Email: vadagbalkar@gmail.com
Introduction:-
Solapur is an ancient historical place dating back to 90 BC. Solapur is one of the
important town places in Maharashtra state. It is well linked by rail & road with other cities, and
is situated 400 km. SE of Mumbai.
Its spread is approximately between 170
36’ to 170
42’ N latitude and 750
50’ to 750
58’ E
longitude (SOI Topo sheet 47 0/14). It is the 7th largest city in the state by population size,
heading towards 12 lakh - to be a metropolitan.
Solapur is under the arid to semi arid climatic condition. It receives irregular, erratic
scanty rainfall, with annual average of around 500 mm to 700 mm. It is included in rain-shadow
zone and drought prone region of part of south central India.
Solapur experiences relatively higher temperature throughout the year, reaching highest
up to 450
- 470
in April-May months, and has relative humidity varying between 20 to 90%.
Geology and Geo hydrology of Solapur City:-
Geologically the area is covered by Deccan basalt of the continental tholeiitic province of
India having Cretaceous - Eocene age (about 55 to 65 million years). Two distinct lava flows are
recognized along with various flow units.
The thickness of the various flow units in the lava flows vary laterally & vertically throughout the city
area. Heterogeneity in the distribution of fracture pattern, weathering mantle thickness, flow unit
characters etc. hinder the movement of groundwater through the different lava flows, which has
resulted in separation of water pockets of different dimensions with variable storage within the various
rock units. It is important to note that temporarily mainly during rainy season, the continuity in water
table may be observed, but not in all seasons. With the utilization of groundwater and passage of time

the water table continuity disappears i.e. there is no continuity in groundwater flow mainly at deeper
depths. Due to which the ground water availability vary.
Recharging of upper shallow aquifer during monsoon, takes place. As the stock/storage
of water ceases after use, the groundwater availability is at stake, especially at depths.
History of Physical Growth:-
Solapur Municipality was established on 1st August 1852.Municipal limits were first
defined in the year 1865 with 13 pethas and population of 30819 (1851-52 census).In 1871
Municipal limits were defined precisely as Shelginala on north and GIP railway on the west. As
per 1872 census there were 15 pethas in the town with total population as 54,744. Municipality
demolished the fort wall.
Till 1880 Siddheshwar Tank-raw water was only source of water along with 20 private
wells. In the year 1881 water was supplied through pipes to the town from Ekrukh tank. After
this the town developed rapidly with industrial development. In 1913, Railway station, and in
1927 part of Shelgi village area were added to the municipal limit to make total area of about
1844 hectors (4557 acres).
In 1938 an area of about 363 hectors (900 acres) from south and West Side was included
in the municipal limits. In 1955 the limits of municipal council were 23.23 sq. kms and
population of about 3, 37,583 as per 1961 census. On 1/5/1964 Solapur Municipal Corporation
existed.
To increase the revenue and to keep pace with increasing population and urbanization,
limits of the then municipal area of 23.23 sq. kms were extended. Three times extensions of
Municipal Corporation limits took place in stages with population increase and need as follows.
1st
extension-
On 1/7/1979 addition of small area of 2.30 sq. kms, of Hotgi and Vijapur roads were included for
implementation of Integrated Urban Development scheme to the area. This resulted in total area
of 25.53 sq. kms with population of 3, 98,361 as per 1971 census.
2nd
extension–
From 1/4/1989 with the additional area of 7.5 sq. kms, the new total area became 33.03 sq. kms
with the population of 5, 11,103 as per 1981 census.
3rd
extension –
As per 1991 census populations was 6, 20,846 with area of 33.03 sq. kms To minimize and
overcome the problems and difficulties aroused due to high density and overload on public utility
services in the old city limits and to raise the revenue etc the surrounding area of 13 villages

which was about 145.54 sq. kms was included in the earlier limits to result in total area of 178.57
sqkms. Along with population of 88,471 of new extended area the total population reached to the
tune of 7, 09,317 as per 1991 census. Population in 2001 stood at 1,225,284.
Brief Data of Water Sources tapped by Solapur Municipal Corporation:-
Ekrukh tank is an earthen dam having 2200 mt. length, 23 mt. height and maximum
depth of water 21.70 mt., built on Adila River (1859-1869) by British Rulers, is 6 km. north of
Solapur city. When tank is with full capacity then its total water quantity is 61.61 mm.3
The
Watershed area is of 412 sq.kms., having spread in 17 sq. km. area. It has no dead stock of water.
Hotgi tank which is 12 kms.- southeast of Solapur city, is an earthen dam of 12 mt
height built in 1944 during British Rule on Hotginala. It has water quantity spread in 192
hectors with water storage of 5.27 mm3
and watershed basin area of 59.57 sq. kms. It has no dead
stock of water.
Ujani Dam- on Bhima River built in (1968 to 1980) is 103 km west - north west of
Solapur city on the border of Solapur and Pune District. Its basin area considered is 14856 sq.
km. with 29000 hector of land under water and total water reserves - 3, 32,000 mm3
of which
1520.87 mm3
is usable by gravity flow (46%) while 1799.13 mm3
is as dead stock (54%) which
can be used by pumping.
Total evaporation (average) in the area is 26.15% per year, i.e. about 581.08 mm. Such
heavy evaporation rate is due to circumferial surface area (exposed) of 33650 hector land and
average maximum summer temp rising to about 46 C. It is interesting to note that requirement of
Bombay city per day is about 3.00 mm3
of water and in comparison - maximum daily
evaporation in summer from Ujani dam is 4.038 mm3
.
Filter/ treatment plants: –
• Bhavanipeth – Mainly for Ekrukh dam water
(From 1881 and extended 1946)
• Soregaon – Mainly for Bhima river water
(From 1969 and extended 1983)
• Pakani – Mainly for Ujani dam water
(From 1998)

• Present storage - supply conditions
• Total number of MBR – 2Kondi- 2 Capacity 2.0+2.0 = 4.0 ML
HSR -- 1 2.5 ML
---------------------
6.50 ML
• Total number of GSR – 7 Jule SLP - 2 Capacity 3.5+13.5 = 27.0 ML
Civil HSP- 2 Capacity 6.5+6.5 = 13.0 ML
SidhPeth- 2 Capacity 3.375+3.50 = 6.875 ML
DSP Blw - 1 Capacity 3.375 ML
------------------
50.25 ML
• Total number of ESR – 32 Total Capacity 39.91 ML
42 Grand total capacity 96.66 ML
Development for Water Resources:-
In 12th century Shri.Sidheshwarmaharajji enlarged centrally located beautiful tank by
shramdan. i.e.for the people with help of people. This has served drinking water resources for
very long time, along with 20 private dug wells till 1881.
Water was made available for growing population by the then municipality authorities
from a major irrigation tank- Ekrukh or Hipparaga tank. On 6th November 1879 the water
works (filter plant/treatment plant at Bhavanipeth) started supplying treated tap water for the
citizens. It was distributing nearly 27 MLD water in the city after initial storage in two
reservoirs.
Water supply was augmented with water from Hotgi tank .This raw water even today is
used by nearby village populations and industries.
As per 1962 records through Ekrukh tank (filter water) water distribution was to the
extent of 30.9 MLD and through Hotgi tank (raw water) 2.7 MLD.
In 1858 Municipality built a small tank Kambar / Sambhaji tank- 2 kms. S-SE of Solapur
City to meet the increasing demand, but it was captured by the then military Administration and
was of no use as source.

With increasing demand and acute problem of water scarcity to meet the needs in 1969
water from Bhima River 30 kms South of Solapur city – at Takali - on the Maharashtra -
Karnataka boundary was tapped as important source. From jack well in river bed through pump
house, the water is brought to Soregaon filter / treatment plant and then supplied to city. This
was mainly for extended land limits.
However this scheme ran efficiently for nearly 14 years (1969 - 1983). In fullest capacity
the supply was 54 MLD, further augmented with additional 54 MLD to get around 90 MLD as
per design. However actually about 70 - 75 MLD is available in good conditions of storage of
water.
With nearly 20 dams up stream in Pune district and less rains, the continuous flow in the
Bhima river was not maintained during last few decades and again the supply became uneven
and irregular with many times nil with total drying of river.
A new proposal scheme of lifting water from Ujani dam by Corporation was sanctioned
by Maharashtra Government. Ujani dam is a tail end dam on Bhima River in Maharashtra state
situated 103 kms WNW of Solapur city on the boundary of Solapur Pune districts.
Water is made available through pipe line lifting up to Khandali, then by gravity
movement to Pakni filter / treatment plant and then lifting up to Kondi to stock in two MBR
elevated reservoirs of 25 lakh liter capacity of each. From these reservoirs gravity distribution is
adopted. Water is lifted to elevated storage reservoirs from the storage ground sunk provided in
different sectors.
Due to dead stock available in Ujani dam even in present adverse conditions of no water
in dam (gravity storage) the system is working. It is supplying about 60 MLD water since 1998.
Solapur city receives water from 3 sources:
A). Ekrukh Scheme:
Ekrukh lake is located 8 Km. to the north of the city. Water is drawn through an intake tower
conveyed to a break pressure tank through a 250 mm diameter connecting pipe line and further
from break pressure tank to BhavaniPeth water works through 750 mm diameter gravity main.
Treated water from BhavaniPeth is pumped to several service reservoirs (ground and elevated)
for distribution in the city.
This source is functioning since 1876. However in 1930 capacity of source was upgraded
to 27.5 MLD capacities but maintaining actual water supply from this source to 22.5 MLD. On
account of various development activities taking place on the upstream side of Ekrukh Lake, the
capacity to draw water from this lake has been reduced to 10 MLD during good capture. In last
few decade years it is observed that many times during summer the lake dries up leading to water
shortage.
B)Bhima River Scheme:

Head works consisting of intake well, 1200 mm diameter connecting pipe line, Jackwell
and pump house, located on Bhimariver at Takali. Raw water is pumped through a 1200-mm
diameter. Rising main consist of M.S. Pipe from Headwork to break pressure tank and from
break pressure tank to water treatment plant at Soregaon. Treated waters is pumped to a master
balancing reservoir called Hill Service Reservoir which is a ground structure situated at the
highest elevation in the vicinity of the city (at Jule Solapur). From the Hill Service Reservoir
water supply gravitates to the various pump houses of the elevated service reservoirs and ground
service reservoirs for distribution in the city.
The total water reservation in Ujjani dam is 12.00 TMC. Four times in a year water is let
out so as to feed AujBandhara (208 km downstream)- recharge for Takali source. Water reaches
this point, after 15 days. Nearly 3.00 TMC water is let out each time, whereas the capacity of Auj
KT weir and TakaliBandhara is 0.2 TMC. Also, Irrigation Dept. is pressing hard to take water
from Ujjani dam through conduit pipe to the treatment plant to reduce wastage of water on the
route.
C)Ujjani. Scheme:
This scheme is designed to supply 80.00MLD of water. Head-works is constructed in
Ujjani catchment. Raw water is pumped through 1016 mm diameter M S Pumping main 45 Km
to break pressure tanks. 1100 mm diameter P S C gravity main has been laid upto water
treatment plant at Pakani. Treated water is pumped through 1016-mm diameter M. S. pumping
main to twin 2.5 ML reservoirs at Kondi. Water from twin reservoirs is conveyed by gravity
through 1100 P.S.C. gravity mains 6.84 Km. upto junction point. From junction point two branch
gravity mains have been laid. 864-mm diameter M.S. gravity main 8.705 Km. feeds Hill Services
Reservoirs and 406 mm diameter M.S. gravity main 2.735 Km. feeds sump at BhavaniPeth water
works.
Designed capacity of this scheme is 80.00MLD, 20.00 MLD water is reserved for MIDC
as per the agreement with SMC and Designed carrying capacity of gravity main from Kondi
MBR to HSR is 60.00MLD. Hence only 6OMLD water can be drawn from Ujjani source.
Status of Water Storage System:-
Sr. No. Water works existing Design capacity (MLD) Present utilization (MLD)
1 BhavaniPeth 27.50 10.00
2 Soregaon 108.00 40.00
3 Ujjani dam 80.00 60.00.
Total 215.50 110.00
There are 42 storage reservoirs (ESR’s & GSR’s) at 34 places of total capacity with HSR
and MBR 96.66 MLD in the city.
Water supply:-
Zones Estimated Population (as of 2011) Water supply
(MLD)

1 155741 19.78
2 168088 21.35
3 153882 19.54
4 156483 19.87
5 155578 19.76
6 163228 20.73
Total 953000 121.03
Presently the total water supplied in the city is 121.03 MLD. Water is supplied on alternate days
for 2-3 hours in an area which is around 127 LPCD.
Water is supplied on alternate days because of deficiency in storage capacity and
distribution network. SMC has taken a project under UIDSSMT scheme to improve storage
capacity and distribution networking. After completion of this project and Augmentation
Source Project SMC can supply water to citizen as per norms of Service Level Benchmarking.
Water metering system is prevalent only for commercial establishments (3 % coverage).
Water Distribution System:
SMC has nearly 324.41 km of distribution line, pipeline ranging from 700-80 mm
diameter. There is a 218 km transmission line, its pipeline ranging from 1200-250 mm diameter.
There are 42 ESRs and GSRs.
Coverage of water supply connections
95 percent of the population in the city receives tap water accounting to 110 MLD. The
remaining 5 percent population in fringe areas is covered through tankers due to non availability
of water distribution network. This amounts to 11.03 MLD.
Extent of non-revenue water (NRW):-
As mentioned above water sources for Solapur city are Ujjani dam, Bhimariver and
Hipparga lake. Bhimariver is 30 km away from the city and Ujjani dam is 110 km away from the
city. Hence the transmission line of water supply is very long. Due to long distance of
transmission line leakages are around 17-18 percent. At several places villagers report to
breaking the pipes to fetch water.
Also through 1800 public stand post (Nalkondali) free water supply is given to schools, slum
households, garden, hospitals, Municipal offices, SMC staff, vegetable market, swimming pool,
fire brigade etc. Some parts of the city receives water supply through tankers.
Water distribution network of SMC is a very old and has leakages in valves and pipes of water
supply distribution network.
All these factors lead to non revenue water, which is around 40 percent.
Quality of water supplied :-
A total of 5033 water sample from different sources was tested; of which 4619 samples
meet the specified potable standards. This reflects that 91.7 percent water meets the desired
standard. Since most of the water distribution lines are old, there are leakages leading to water
contamination. Water Supply distribution network of Solapur Municipal Corporation is very old
and has leakages at several places. In gaothan areas, water pipelines are laid very close to

drainage lines, leading to contamination. Visible leaks are detected by watch and ward method
and are attended from time to time. However there is no probing system (preventive
maintenance) available at the ward level. There are separate units for 3 sources which monitors
all transmission lines from source to MBR.
Cost recovery in water supply services:-
The rate at which water is supplied to the city is as follows:
For ½ inch connections
Description Amount charged
Flat rate for residential use Rs. 2205.00 per year
Flat rate for Non residential use Rs. 6624.00 per year
Meter rate for Residential use Rs. 9.00 per KL (1000 Liters)
Meter rate for non residential use Rs. 28.80 per KL
For ¾ inch connections
Description Amount charged per year ( In Rs)
Flat rate for residential use Rs. 5501.00 per year
Flat rate for Non residential use Rs. 18486.00 per year
Meter rate for Residential use Rs. 9.36 per KL (1000 Liters)
For 1 inch connections
Description Amount charged per year ( In Rs)
Meter rate for Residential use Rs. 10.08 per KL
Total O& M cost for water supply services is 2334.83 lakhs. Income earned form charges
are 1981.94 lakhs. This amounts to 84.88 percent of the costs required.
Efficiency in collection of water supply-related charges:-
The demand for water tax amounted to 38.113 cr and the total tax recovered was 17.902
crores in the current year. This shows that the collection efficiency is 46.97 percent.
Operation and maintenance:-

The O&M of water supply services is done at zone level and at head office level. Pipeline
maintenance up to 12 inches diameter, leakage detection, valves repairs etc. are maintained by
zone offices, while maintenance of main lines, pumps, water treatment plant etc. is done by head
office.
Present Situation:-
Presently if all conditions are fulfilled with good storage at each source then the water
availability is as follows.
Sr.no. Source Design Actual
1 From Ekrukh Tank 20 MLD 4 to 5 MLD
2 From Bhima River (Takli) 70 MLD 50 to 55 MLD
3 From Ujani dam 60 MLD 50 to 55 MLD
Total 150 MLD 104 to 115 MLD
With requirement of 110 liters per capita: per day for 10 lakh population water required
will be 110 MLD. Additional water requirement is considered 30 MLD which totals up to
requirement of 140 MLD I.e. present system is just sufficient to meet the demand in good
environment. However when Ekrukh and Bhima River are not working efficiently then citizens
are facing acute water problems. Therefore for future there must be new augmenting schemes
otherwise the water scarcity will ride over the citizens.
Demand rate of water supply per capita - estimated by technical committee forecasting
population of city given by Gokhale Institute, Pune.
Water supply Demand MLD
YEAR 1996 2011 2026
Total demand 149.60 182.50 256.00
Existing water supply 112.50 112.50 112.50
Net demand 40.00 70.00 140.00
For design purpose for the year 20ll - 24 hours capacity is considered as 80 MLD.
Due to leakages and wastage of water in old city area it is considered 155 lit / pc / day.
YEAR POPULATION
2001 9,12,941
2006 10,87,538
2011 13,28,322

Due to new connections in extension area it is considered 70 lit / pc / day, as available
water supply.
Present facts and Policy:
The storage capacity of drinking water is relatively low throughout the city area.In some
part of the city water is pumped and in some part water is distributed through gravity. It is also
depend on the zonal reservoirs. Water is distributed through pipes consist of different diameters.
The water supply system in the city covers whole developed area including slums. Total water
storage capacity is less than the required quantity and therefore the reservoirs are filled up
continuously during a day and distribution is done after a gap of one day in the area. Same area is
divided in two parts for distribution as well different times of the day are selected during
distribution to cater the needs.
Demand of water in various wards is different. It depends on density of population,
industrial and commercial units and institutions. The supply of water is depending on
transmission and distribution losses, stock of water, duration and pressure of water etc. If the
demand of water is not matching with supply in wards then it results into unequal distribution of
drinking water. Some wards get round the clock water whereas some wards hardly get water in
the region.
All these factors resulted into increase in pressure on existing civic infrastructure. In the
region, drinking water is not supplied on equitable basis and coverage is low. The reasons are
topography, faulty andold pipeline, inadequate distribution system, transmission and distribution
losses of water etc.
Water tariffs are low and it is not regularly paid by the consumers. Drinking water is used
for commercial and construction purposes. Water use laws are weak and they are easily violated.
Water provided by the tankers in far flung areas have lower coverage. Such water cannot
be stored by the households because it is provided in a lower quantity and poor households do
not have storage facilities.
Treated potable water is used by household units for cooking, washing, bath and drinking
purposes. The Schools, Colleges, Hospitals, Commercial complexes, servicing units etc. are also
using the potable water for drinking, cleaning. The fact to realize that potable water is used on
large scale by all for sanitation, gardening, cleaning, and washing and for toilet purposes too i.e.
large part of treated water is going as waste and further flowing through gutters to pollute the
land and water.
In Solapur city area, demand of drinking water is continually increasing due to various
factors. Increasing and spreading urbanization is a major factor. Water supply distribution is
unequal in the extension regions. The far flung and newly added areas are not covered under the

water distribution system. In some wards, water supply pressure is very low. Unequal
distribution of drinking water in terms of quality and quantity leads to water stress. The poor
urban population spaced apart is often neglected from the distribution of drinking water and it is
a major challenge. Under such odd situations use of groundwater is the only way left out.
Thereby the extension areas are having maximum number of bore wells. However quality of
such water is not tasted and is used directly for all purpose including drinking. This has posed
number of health problems e.g. problems linked with digestive systems, kidney, skin, weak
bones etc.
Water charges structure is low. It is not even to the level of maintaining the cost of
treatment. Due to illegal and multiple connections, water tariff is not regularly paid. It is main
factor behind lower revenue and recovery of the capital cost. Therefore there is need of drinking
water supply management. It will be achieved through the citizen’s participation. Municipal
Corporation must involve non-government organizations, research institutions and academicians
in supply management process. There is need of regular revision of tariff structure.
The funds received by the Municipal Corporation must be utilized for water storage tanks
and distribution system in respective area. Building small to big water tanks and modern but
restricted distribution system linked with population concentration will reduce the lower water
pressure in the boundary area. In the metropolitan area water distribution and transmission loss is
high. Municipal Corporation can introduce the private partnership to locate and reduce the
leakages and improve distribution system. The old distribution system must be replaced by new
one. A systematic map of all distribution system must be prepared, updated and made available
to citizens along with office.
Future & Suggestion:-
 Additional pipeline similar to present one with double capacity is utmost essential and is
an urgent need to implement the scheme at earliest.
 Two separate pipe lines- onereserved for treatment and another for general use as raw
water will help in development of the city.
 Supply of raw water to the different villages placed on lateral sides may be thought off to
cater their needs as well to divide the incurring cost. Further small units of treatment
plants may be constructed in a collective group of villages.
 The importance of additional pipeline is that there will be no evaporation loss or
percolation loss of water which is presently occurring when water is supplied through
canals and stream and river beds.
 Supply of filtered water in restricted and required capacity for drinking purpose along
with supply of raw water separately for general utility may be thought off. Similarly
number of small to middle capacity centers for purification/ filtration of used water may
be installed at suitable places.

 New elevated reservoirs in different areas should come up at earliest to cater the needs of
the growing population. The reservoirs position must be sector wise and may also be
interconnected.
 Distributaries in different areas must be restricted to the number of populations of the
sectors. The planning should be as per capacity of reservoir and the requirement of
population of the sector. If required the sectors should be divided accordingly
 Artificial recharge / rain water harvesting schemes must be implemented in the
geologically suitable areas of the town, especially in the extended areas. Municipal
Corporation must create more awareness of roof rain water harvesting method and
conduct training to architect engineers, plumbers etc.
 There should be compulsion of continuous extended narrow pit surrounding the border of
House, Flat, Bungalow, business complexes etc. to accommodate either rain water or any
other to recharge the ground water along with plantation around.
 Through percolation pits, with proper care of not polluting the water i.e. treated water
after use, must be passed into the ground or through bore wells, dug wells etc. if are
available. It may be stored in dug wells, artificial tanks etc. and may be reused after
proper treatment especially for sanitation, washing, gardening etc.
 Quarries must be started near Ekrukh tank in acquired areas of Government. The
excavated material must be used for construction and as road material. The large
excavated areas after few decades will serve as storage tanks. Further these quarries may
be interconnected to get the supply of raw water or the water may be made available to
filter plants or put in Ekrukh tank.
 Minimum water supply must be provided at flat rate. If the use of water is increasing then
there must be more tariffs. Corporation can charge heavily for extra and excess use of
water than the prescribed or standardized requirement for a family / individuals etc.
Water tariff for the commercial units must be much higher than the domestic units.
 Municipal Corporations must reduce the connection deposit to increase the number of
water connections. Free supply in any case must be banned; instead some minimum
charges must be levied to avoid misuse of water.
 A real need is to educate the people for proper, disciplined and minimum use of water.
The filter water use must be restricted. They must be trained for using raw water, re-
circulated water. To educate the city peoples in collaboration with the teachers, students
and social organizations about the proper use of the drinking water, different methods of
water conservation, preparing small advertisement, water supply situation etc.
 Inter connecting Bhima& Krishna Rivers at upper reaches in SahyadriGhat, if considered,
may fulfill the required conditions of flooding of Ujani Dam regularly as ghat region
receives regular and high rain fall.
 Getting water from Alamatti Dam in Bijapur District of Karnataka may be thought as one
of the option in special cases or as permanent source.

 Ground water resources are depleting and must be used only in adverse and severe
scarcity period i.e. they must be considered as stand by source or arrangement and not as
permanent and regular dependable source. Underground inverted bunds in suitable cases
and places will serve for the storage of ground water when monsoon is available.
 New sites for preparation of minor to medium size tanks must be located scientifically in
the different parts of the city especially in the parts of extended areas of corporation. This
may be used as alternative source for nearby sectors.
 Treatment of all types of utilized water on surface at different divisions and sectors is
essential to control the pollution of ground water.
 The recirculation of treated used water / waste water from industries, drainages filter
plant etc. must be implemented
Acknowledgement:-
Author is thankful to the authorities of different Government offices and Solapur Municipal
Corporation for providing the data.

Part of Toposheet no. 47-0/12
Depicting features of
Solapur City and surrounding
Satellite picture of Solapur and surrounding area depicting 3 Nala basins
Sina River
Aerial View of Part of Solapur City with sidheshwar tank AERIAL VIEW OF SHRI. SIDHESWAR TEMPLE
Courtesy - Photo by shri. Ramdas Katkar - Divya Marathi, ( 14th Jan. 2013- from 1000 feet)
Ekrukh Tank? (Dry condition in summer) View of Hotgi Lake
Views of Ch. Sambhaji Raje - Kambar Tank
WATER PUMPED from BHIMA RIVER at TAKALI
( WATER FLOWS from UJANI DAM to AUJ bandhara)

A View of Ujani Dam in the year 1998 M.B.R. at Kondi
Computerized image of terrain of Solapur and surrounding

Development and assessment of drinking water supply schemes for solapur town

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

La actualidad más candente (20)

Similar a Development and assessment of drinking water supply schemes for solapur town

Similar a Development and assessment of drinking water supply schemes for solapur town (20)

Más de SHRINIVAS VADAGBALKAR

Más de SHRINIVAS VADAGBALKAR (7)

Último

Último (20)

Development and assessment of drinking water supply schemes for solapur town