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Chap12
1.
12 - 1 Chapter 12 Special
Challenges in Career Management Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
2.
Objectives 12 - 2 After
reading this chapter, you should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. Design an effective socialization program for employees. Discuss why a dual-career path is necessary for professional and managerial employees. Provide advice on how to help a plateaued employee. Develop policies to help employees and the company avoid technical obsolescence. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
3.
12 - 3 Objectives
(continued) 5. 6. 7. Develop policies to help employees deal with work-and-life conflict. Select and design outplacement strategies that minimize the negative effects on displaced employees and “survivors.” Explain why retirees may be valuable as parttime employees. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
4.
12 - 4 Introduction Many
companies in Silicon Valley face serious career management challenges. These companies are now paying more attention to career management issues because their work force is starting to age and pay more attention to work-life balance. Many employees face long commutes because they can not afford to live close to where they work. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
5.
12 - 5 Introduction
(continued) If companies do not help their employees with their personal lives, they may leave for jobs with other companies in other areas that do. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
6.
12 - 6 Special
Challenges in Career Management Socialization and Orientation Dealing With Older Workers Coping With Job Loss Dual-Career Paths Balancing Work and Life Plateauing Work and Non-work Policies Skills Obsolescence Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7.
12 - 7 Socialization
and Orientation Organizational socialization is the process by which new employees are transformed into effective members of the company. The purpose of orientation is to: Prepare employees to perform their jobs effectively Learn about the organization Establish work relationships Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
8.
12 - 8 Phases
of the Socialization Process Anticipatory Socialization Encounter Settling In Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
9.
What Employees Should
Learn and Develop Through Socialization: History 12 - 9 Company Goals Language Politics Performance Proficiency People Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
10.
12 - 10 Socialization
and Orientation Programs Play an important role in socializing employees. Effective socialization programs result in employees having a strong commitment and loyalty to the company. This reduces turnover. Effective orientation programs include active involvement of the new employee. Effective programs have peers, managers, and senior co-workers actively involved. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
11.
12 - 11 Content
of Orientation Programs Company-Level Information Company overview Key policies and procedures Compensation Employee benefits & services Safety & accident protection Employee & union relations Physical facilities Economic factors Customer relations Department-Level Information Department functions Job duties & responsibilities Policies, procedures, rules Performance expectations Tour of department Introduction to co-workers Miscellaneous Community Housing Family adjustment Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
12.
12 - 12 Characteristics
of Effective Orientation Programs Employees are encouraged to ask questions. Program includes information on both technical and social aspects of the job. Orientation is the responsibility of the new employee’s manager. Debasing and embarrassing new employees is avoided. Formal and informal interactions with managers and peers occur. Programs involve relocation assistance. Employees receive information about the company’s products, services, and customers. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
13.
12 - 13 Dual-Career
Paths A career path is a sequence of job positions involving similar types of work and skills that employees move through in the company. For companies with professional employees, a key issue is how to ensure that they feel they are valued. The traditional career path model has limited advancement opportunities for those in the technical career path. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
14.
12 - 14 Traditional
career path for scientists and managers: Assistant Director Assistant Director Principal Research Scientist Department Manager Research Scientist Manager Scientist Assistant Manager Individual Contributor Career Path Management Career Path Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
15.
12 - 15 A
dual-career-path system enables employees to remain in a technical career path or move into a management career path. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
16.
Example of a
dual-career-path system 12 - 16 Executives Fellow Functional Management Senior Technical Staff Member Senior Senior Development Advisory Project Staff MANAGEMENT LADDER TECHNICAL LADDER Senior Associate Associate Engineers, Programmers, Scientists Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
17.
12 - 17 Characteristics
of Effective Career Paths Salary, status, and incentives for technical employees compare favorably with those of managers. Individual contributors’ base salary may be lower than managers’, but they are given opportunities to increase their total compensation through bonuses. The individual contributor career path is not used to satisfy poor performers who have no managerial potential. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
18.
12 - 18 Characteristics
of Effective Career Paths (continued) The career path is for employees with outstanding technical skills. Individual contributors are given the opportunity to choose their career path. The company provides assessment resources. Assessment information enables employees to make comparisons between their interests and abilities with those of employees in technical and managerial positions. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
19.
12 - 19 Plateauing Plateauing
means that the likelihood of the employee receiving future job assignments with increased responsibility is low. Mid-career employees are most likely to plateau. Plateauing becomes dysfunctional when the employee feels stuck in a job that offers no potential for personal growth. Such frustration results in poor job attitude, increased absenteeism, and poor job performance. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
20.
12 - 20 Reasons
Employees Can Plateau Discrimination based on age, gender, or race. Lack of ability. Lack of training. Low need for achievement. Unfair pay decisions or dissatisfaction with pay raises. Confusion about job responsibilities. Slow company growth resulting in reduced development opportunities. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
21.
12 - 21 Possible
Remedies for Plateaued Employees Employee understands the reasons for plateau. Employee is encouraged to participate in development activities. Employee is encouraged to seek career counseling. Employee reality-tests his solutions. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
22.
12 - 22 Skills
Obsolescence Obsolescence – a reduction in an employee’s competence resulting from a lack of knowledge of new work processes, techniques, and technologies that have developed since the employee completed her education. Not just a concern of technical and professional occupations. All employees are at risk. Obsolescence needs to be avoided if companies are trying to become learning organizations. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
23.
12 - 23 Factors
Related to Updating Skills Company Climate Manager • Emphasis on Continuous Learning • Provide Challenging Work Assignments • Encourage Employees to Acquire New Skills Updated Skills Peers Reward System • Discuss Ideas • Sabbaticals • Share Information • Pay for New Ideas • Pay for Employee Development Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
24.
12 - 24 Balancing
Work and Life Families with a working husband, homemaker wife, and two or more children account for only 7 percent of American families. The increasing number of two-career couples and single heads of households creates a challenge for companies. Companies have to carefully consider how to manage employees who are simultaneously meeting the needs of both work and family. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
25.
12 - 25 Balancing
Work and Life (continued) There are two roles that training can play in balancing work and non-work. Trainers and managers may be responsible for developing policies and procedures. Trainers may be responsible for developing training programs to teach managers their role in administering and overseeing the use of work-life policies. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
26.
12 - 26 Types
of Work-Life Conflict Time-based Conflict Strain-based Conflict Behavior-based Conflict Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
27.
12 - 27 Company
Policies to Accommodate Work and Non-work: Communicating information about work and non-work policies and job demands. Flexibility in work arrangements and work schedules. Redesigning jobs. Support Services. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
28.
12 - 28 For
job sharing to be effective: The impact of job sharing on clients and customers must be determined. The employee interested in job sharing must find another employee performing the same job who wants reduced work hours. The two people sharing the job need to have similar work values and motivations. The manager must actively communicate with the jobsharing employees. All schedules and work assignments need coordination. Performance measurement should be both team and individual. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
29.
12 - 29 Coping
With Job Loss Important career management issue because of the increased use of downsizing to deal with excess employees resulting from corporate restructuring, mergers, acquisitions, and takeovers. Companies that lay off employees can experience lowered job commitment, distrust of management, and difficulties recruiting new employees. Job loss causes stress and disrupts the personal lives of laid-off employees. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
30.
12 - 30 Coping
With Job Loss (continued) From a career management standpoint, companies and managers have two major responsibilities: They are responsible for helping employees who will lose their jobs. Steps must be taken to ensure that the “survivors” of the layoff (remaining employees) remain productive and committed to the organization. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
31.
12 - 31 Coping
With Job Loss: Outplacement Companies need to provide outplacement services to help prepare employees for layoffs: Advance warning and explanation for a layoff. Psychological, financial, and career counseling. Assessment of skills and interests. Job campaign services. Job banks. Electronic delivery of job openings. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
32.
12 - 32 Dealing
With Older Workers Meeting the needs of older workers. Pre-retirement socialization. Retirement. Early retirement programs. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
33.
12 - 33 Meeting
the Needs of Older Workers Flexibility in scheduling to allow for care of sick spouses, return to school, travel, or reduced work hours. Older workers should receive the training they need to avoid skill obsolescence. Older employees need resources and referral help that addresses long-term care and elder care. Companies need to ensure that employees do not hold inappropriate stereotypes about older employees. Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Notas del editor
See Exhibit 14.8, page 504
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