Ship characteristics. Design of Harbor entrance, channel, turning basin, IS provisions, Breakwaters - function, types, general design principles, wharves, quays, jetties, piers, pier heads, dolphin, fenders, mooring accessories, IS provisions. Repair facilities, wet docks, lift docks, dry docks, gates for graving docks, floating docks, slipways, locks and gates.

1. “HARBOUR
INFRASTRUCTURES”
1
PREPARED BY : ASST. PROF. VATSAL D. PATEL
MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION &
RESEARCH CENTRE, NAVSARI.

2. HARBOUR AND PORT
 Harbour:- It is partly enclosed area which provides safe and
suitable accommodation for supplies, refueling, repair,
loading and unloading cargo.
 Port:- A port is a harbour where marine terminal facilities
are provided.
or
A port is a place which regularly provides accommodation
for the transfer of cargo and passengers to and from the
ships.
Port = Harbour + Storage Facility + Communication Facility
+ Other Terminal Facility
From above, it can be stated that a port includes a harbour i.e.
every port is a harbour.

3. HARBOUR COMPONENTS
 The following are the chief elements of a harbour:-
 Entrance Channel.
 Breakwater.
 Turning Basin
 Shelter Basin.
 Pier.
 Wharf
 Quay
 Jetty
 Dry and Wet Dock.

4. Components of Harbour

5. ENTRANCE CHANNEL
This is the water
area through which
the ships enter the
harbour.
Water area from
which ships enter in
the harbour and it
should have sufficient
width, 100 for small
harbour, 100 to 160m
for medium and 160
to 260m for large
harbour.

6. BREAKWATER
A protective barrier
made up of Concrete
or Course Rubble
Masonry constructed
from shore towards
the sea to enclose
harbour and to keep
harbour water
undisturbed.

7. TURNING BASIN
It is water area
which is required for
maneuvering the
ship after entering to
the harbour and it is
large enough to
permit free turning.

8. SHELTER BASIN
It is area protected
by shore and
breakwater.

9. PIER
It is a solid
platform at which
berthing of ships on
both the sides are
possible.

10. WHARF
It is a docking
platform constructed
parallel to shoreline
providing berthing
facility on one side
only.

11. QUAY
It is also dock
parallel to the shore
which is solid
structure providing
berthing on one side
and retaining the
earth on the other.

12. JETTY
It is a solid
platform constructed
perpendicular to the
shoreline for
berthing of ships.

13. DRY DOCK
It is a chamber
provided for
maintenance,
repairs and
construction of ships.
It includes walls,
floor and gate.

14. WET DOCK
Due to variation in
tidal level, an
enclosed basin is
provided where in
number of ships can
be berthed. It has an
entrance which is
controlled by a lock
gate.

15. SHIP CHARACTERISTICS
 Since harbour is designed and constructed for providing
berthing (accommodation of ships in the berth) and cargo
handling facilities for the ships, it is necessary to be familiar
with the various ship features related to harbour planning.
 LOAD LINE:- It indicates a line showing the water level
to which they may legally be loaded.
 DISPLACEMENT LOAD:- The weight of ship and its
contents when fully loaded with cargo to the load line is
known as displacement load.
 DISPLACEMENT LIGHT:- The weight of ship without
cargo, fuel and stores is known as displacement light.

16. SHIP CHARACTERISTICS
 GROSS REGISTERED TONNAGE (G. R. T) :- This is
the total measured internal capacity of a ship expressed in
units of 2.83 cu m or 100 cu ft.
 NET REGISTERED TONNAGE (N. R. T):-This is the
carrying capacity of a ship expressed in units of 2.83 cu m.
 DEAD WEIGHT TONNAGE (D. W. T):-This is the
carrying capacity of a ship by weight. It is a weight of cargo,
fuel, stores, passengers, crew etc.
D. W. T = Displacement Load – Displacement Light
 DRAFT:- It is the depth of the keel of the ship below water
level.

17. SHIP CHARACTERISTICS
 DISPLACEMENT TONNAGE:- This is the actual weight
of the ship. It is the weight of water displaced when afloat
and may be either loaded or light.
 CARGO TONNAGE:- It is a commercial expression which
forms the basis of freight charge. It can be measured by
volume or weight.
 BALLAST:-It is the weight added in the ballast
compartments of a ship to increase its draft after it has
discharged its cargo and to improve its stability.

18. MARINE
STRUCTURES
There are many
structures in a
particular harbour.
The following are the
marine structures:
 Breakwater
 Wharves
 Quay Walls
 Jetties
 Piers
 Dolphins
 Fenders
 Trestle
 Moles
 Mooring
Accessories
BREAKWATER
QUAY WALLS
MOLES
FENDERS
JETTY
PIERS
DOLPHINS
TRESTLE
MOORING
ACCESSORY
WHARVES

19. BREAKWATER
 Breakwater is a protective barrier constructed to form an
artificial harbour with a water area so protected from the
effect of sea waves as to provide safe accommodation for
shipping.
 Alignment Should be…..
 As straight as possible
 Intersection angle should not exceed 60°
 In open sea, alignment should be curved to reduce the
effects of waves.

20. BREAKWATER

21. ARRANGEMENT OF BREAKWATER

22. FACTORS DETERMINING
SELECTION OF BREAKWATER
 The following are the factors that govern the selection of
the breakwater:
 Availability of construction materials.
 Depth of water.
 Condition of the sea bottom.
 Available equipments.

23. TYPES OF BREAKWATER
BREAKATER
Vertical wall
type
Rubble
mound type
Composite
type

24. VERTICAL WALL TYPE BREAKWATER
 It has vertical or nearby vertical faces on both sea side and
harbour side. In this type the wave are only reflected,
without freeing and destructing energy.
 Types of vertical wall type breakwater:
 Concrete block gravity wall.
 Stone and concrete masonary.
 Concrete caissons.
 Rock-filled sheet piles.
 Rock-filled timber cribs.
 Concrete or steel sheet pile walls.

25. VERTICAL WALL TYPE BREAKWATER
 Suitability of vertical wall type breakwater:
1. Where depth of water is more than 2 times the maximum
height of waves.
2. When sea bed is non erodable.
3. Where there are no chances of differential settlement of
foundations.

26. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Narrower entrance, hence
greater protection to the
sheltered area,
Harbour side of the breakwater
can be used for mooring ships,
Recommended where shortage
of rock,
Maintenance is practically
eliminated,
It increase size of harbour basin,
Reduces the amount of material.
Skilled labourers are required,
Special equipments are required
for construction,
 Repairing is difficult,
 Require a firm foundation.
WALL TYPE BREAKWATER

27. The rubble mound type breakwater consists of
three layers- the core (quarry waste), the
intermediate layer (rubble stones) and the top
layer(block).
These are constructed out
of:-
 Natural rock
 Concrete block.
 Combination of natural
and concrete block.
 Special types of concrete
blocks such as tetrapods,
tribars, etc.
RUBBLE
MOUND TYPE
BREAKWATER

28. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
No special equipment needed,
Require unskilled labour,
Large size rubbles can be used
without dressing,
Constructed on any type of
foundation,
Construction is porous, hence
no possibility of uplift.
Require huge quantity of
material,
Initial cost high,
Regular maintenance,
Harbour side can not be used
for mooring ships,
Occupancy large area of basin.
MOUND TYPE BREAKWATER

29. COMPOSITE BREAKWATER
 This breakwater has a rubble base over which a vertical wall
type breakwater is constructed.
 This a combination of the mound and wall type
breakwaters.
 This type is recommended in the locations where the depth
of water is great and the foundation is of weak material.

30. METHODS OF PROTECTION OF
BREAKWATER
 Due to the effect of water waves, the toe of the breakwater
towards sea is subjected to erosion. Therefore the
protection of breakwater is necessary.
 Various methods of protection are:-
1. By arrangement of heavy concrete blocks.
2. By paving using granite blocks.
3. Using tetrapods and tribars.

31. COMPARISON OF MOUND TYPE &
VERTICAL WALL TYPE BREAKWATER
Mound Type Vertical Wall Type
Wave breaks at the breakwater. Reflect the wave energy.
Large entrance. Narrower entrance.
Regular maintenance necessary. Maintenance is practically eliminated.
Can be constructed on any type of
foundation.
Require a firm foundation.
Recommended where plenty of rocks
available.
Recommended when there is shortage of
rock.
Require unskilled labour. Require skilled labour.

32. WHARVES
• These are platforms
at which vessels take
on and discharge
passengers and cargo
on one side and
earth retained on
other.
• Uses of wharf:-
 It’s a platform built
parallel to shoreline,
 Should give
sufficient depth of
water for the ship to
float,
 Built to retain or
protect the
embankment or
filling.

33. TYPES OF
WHARVES
Open construction
wharves:-
• Wharves of open
construction have
their decks supported
by piles or cylinders.
Solid type wharves :-
• These are composed
of earth or rock fill
partly confined by
some sort of
bulkhead.
Open construction wharves
Solid type wharves

34. QUAYS
• Wharves built
parallel with the
shore are called
quays.
• Function:-
 To retain and protect
the embankment or
filling on the
landward side,
 To provide berthing
on the sea side,
 To support the
platform above.

35. JETTY
 A narrow structure projecting from the shore into water
with berths on one or both sides and sometimes at the end
also.
 In the form of piled projections,
 Constructed outside the harbour or inside the harbour
 When built in combination with a breakwater then it is
known as breakwater pier.
 Uses of jetty:-
 Jetty is a solid platform constructed perpendicular to the
shoreline or breakwater,
 It provides berth to ships,
 It is used for handling inflammable materials like petrol,
diesel, kerosene, crude oil etc.
 It can be used for dredging in the approach channel

36. TYPES OF
JETTIES
1. Solid structures
2. Piled structures
a) Open piled
structures
b) Pile and
cylinder jetties
Piled structures
Solid structures
Timber pile structures

37. PIERS
 Piers are the structure built at angle with the shore.
 On both sides of a pier berths are provided.

38. DOLPHINS
• They are the marine
structures located at the
entrance of the locked or
alongside a pier or a
wharf.
• Uses:-
 To absorb the impact
force of the ships
 To provide mooring
facilities i.e. for typing
up ships
 They are also used to
shorten the length of
piers and wharves
• There are two types of
dolphins:
1. Breasting dolphins
2. Mooring dolphins

39. FENDERS
•A fender is a form of a
cushion is provided on a
jetty face for ships to come
in contact.
•The fender can be made of
different materials in
various forms
•It absorbs the impact of
ship and protect them from
damage
Qualities of good fenders:-
They should have a high
capacity for absorbing
energies during berthing of a
ship
They should be simple in
design and construction and
easily replaceable
It must be able to resist
tangential forces effectively
They should not be easily
damaged during berthing
They should not damage
ship’s hull

40. TRESTLE
• It is a structure
connecting a main
berthing pier to
provide access to the
shore.
• These are the piers
which are lighter in
weight and are
designed to withstand
vertical load.
• Normally they are
made up of timber.
• They act like a bridge
between the pier and
the shore to facilitate
shipping.

41. MOLES
• These are the rockfills
extending out from
shores.
• The top surface of the
structure provides
facilities like, roadway,
railway track, side
walk, etc,.
• These are more
economical than trestle
in water having depth
of 3m.

42. MOORING
ACCESSORIES
• Arrangement such as
bow, stern, spring and
breast lines are
necessaries to hold
the ship stationary
with the dock & to
load or unload the
cargo as well as
passenger.
• Various mooring
accessories are:
 Bollards
 Chocks
 Corner mooring posts.
 Cleats
 Capstans
Bollards
Chocks
Corner mooring posts
Cleats
Capstans

43. HARBOUR
DOCKS
A sheltered area of the
sea in which vessels
could be launched, built
or taken for repair; or
could seek refuge in
time of storm; or
provide for loading and
unloading of cargo and
passengers. A harbour
is a place that is
situated on the coast
where ships, boats,
barges, etc. can be
moored safely.

44. TIDAL BASINS
 These are partially enclosed areas of water which are
approached by open entrances and are subjected to
fluctuations of water levels. These basins allow vessels to
come in and berth or leave at all times.

45. TIDAL
BASINS
ADVANTAGES
There is speedy and
unrestricted arrival and
departure of ships.
DISADVANTAGES
If the range of tides are
more, the operations of
loading and unloading
are affected.
The fluctuations of
water level will cause
the rubbing of sides of
ships against the berths.

46. TYPES OF DOCKS
DOCKS
REPAIR
DOCKS
DRY DOCKS
/ GRAVING
DOCKS
FLOATING
DOCKS
LIFT DOCKS
MARINE
RAILWAYS
WET DOCKS
or HARBOUR
DOCKS

47. WET
DOCKS
Docks required for
berthing of ships or
vessels to facilitate the
loading and unloading
of passengers and cargo
are called wet docks.
These are also known as
harbour docks.

48. REPAIR
DOCKS
Repair docks are used
for the construction,
maintenance,
and repair of ships,
boats, and other
watercraft.

49. DRY DOCK /
GRAVING
DOCK
A dry dock is also
known as graving
dock. It is long
excavated chamber,
having side walls, a
semi circular end
wall and a floor. The
open end of the
chamber is provided
with a gate and acts
as the entrance to the
dock.

50. FLOATING
DOCK
It may be defined as
a floating vessel,
which can lift ship
out of water and
retain it above water
by means of its own
buoyancy. It is a
hollow structure
made of steel or
R.C.C consisting of
two walls and a floor
with the ends open.

51. LIFT DOCK
This is a constructed
platform capable of
being lowered into and
raised from water.
Lowering and raising is
achieved by means of
hydraulic power applied
through cylinders
supporting the ends of
cross girders carrying
the platform.

52. MARINE RAILWAYS
The marine railway or
slip dock or slip way is
an inclined railway
extending from the
shore well into the
water as the off there.
This railway track is
used to draw out a ship
needing repair out of
the water.
Components of a
marine dock: The
essential parts of a
marine dock are as
follows:
 Cradle.
 Track.

53. LOCKS
 Lock is a device for raising
or lowering boats between
stretches of water.
 It is used to make river
more easily navigable or
to allow a canal to take a
reasonably direct line
across land that is not
level.
 Locks have two pairs of
gates with a lock chamber
in between.

54. LOCK GATES
 Generally the lock gates are made up of timber or iron.
They are made in pairs.
 Gates are provided at the upper and lower ends of the lock
chamber.
 If smaller vessels are expected more frequently, it is
customary to provide an intermediate pair of gates.
 The different types of gates provided are:-
 Mitre gates.
 Sector gates.
 Rolling lock gates.
 Lift gates

55. MITRE
GATES
This consists of 2
leaves of equal size,
turn about a vertical
axis in a recess in the
opposite lock walls.
When closed, the 2
leaves metre and
support each other.

56. SECTOR
GATES
These are either
horizontally or
vertically framed.
High narrow gates
are generally framed
horizontally and low
broad gates are
vertically framed.

57. ROLLING
LOCK
GATES
This consists of a
steel frame sheathed
on side which
operates on flanges
wheels running on
tracks embedded in
the lock floor.

58. LIFT
GATES
These are hung from
portal frame
spanning the lock
chamber, by means
of a chain or wire
ropes.

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