1. Automation in Production Systems
Two categories of automation in the production system:
1. Automation of manufacturing systems in the factory
2.Computerization of the manufacturing support
systems
The two categories overlap because manufacturing support
systems are connected to the factory manufacturing systems
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
Automation is a technology concerned with the application
of mechanical, electronic, and computer based systems to
operate and control production
3. Automated Manufacturing Systems
Examples:
Automated machine tools
Transfer lines
Automated assembly systems
Industrial robots that perform processing or assembly
operations
Automated material handling and storage systems to
integrate manufacturing operations
Automatic inspection systems for quality control
4. Fixed Automation
A manufacturing system in which the sequence of processing
(or assembly) operations is fixed by the equipment
configuration
Typical features:
Suited to high production quantities
High initial investment for custom-engineered equipment
High production rates
Relatively inflexible in accommodating product variety
5. Programmable Automation
A manufacturing system designed with the capability to change
the sequence of operations to accommodate different product
configurations
Typical features:
High investment in general purpose equipment
Lower production rates than fixed automation
Flexibility to deal with variations and changes in product
configuration
Most suitable for batch production
Physical setup and part program must be changed between
jobs (batches)
6. Flexible Automation
An extension of programmable automation in which the
system is capable of changing over from one job to the
next with no lost time between jobs
Typical features:
High investment for custom-engineered system
Continuous production of variable mixes of products
Medium production rates
Flexibility to deal with soft product variety
8. Computerized Manufacturing Support Systems
Objectives of automating the manufacturing support systems:
To reduce the amount of manual and clerical effort in product
design, manufacturing planning and control, and the business
functions
Integrates computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided
manufacturing (CAM) in CAD/CAM
CIM includes CAD/CAM and the business functions of the firm
9. Model of manufacturing showing factory operations and
the information Processing activities for manufacturing
support
10. Reasons for
Automating
1. To increase labor productivity
2. To reduce labor cost
3. To mitigate the effects of labor shortages
4. To reduce or eliminate routine manual and clerical tasks
5. To improve worker safety
6. To improve product quality
7. To reduce manufacturing lead time
8. To accomplish what cannot be done manually
9. To avoid the high cost of not automating
11. Manual Labor in Production Systems
Is there a place for manual labor in the modern
production system?
Answer: YES
Two aspects:
1. Manual labor in factory operations
2. Labor in manufacturing support systems
12. Manual Labor in Factory Operations
The long term trend is toward greater use of automated
systems to substitute for manual labor
When is manual labor justified?
Some countries have very low labor rates and
automation cannot be justified
Task is too technologically difficult to automate
Short product life cycle
Customized product requires human flexibility
To cope with ups and downs in demand
To reduce risk of product failure
13. Labor in Manufacturing Support Systems
Product designers who bring creativity to the design task
Manufacturing engineers who
Design the production equipment and tooling
And plan the production methods and routings
Equipment maintenance
Programming and computer operation
Engineering project work
Plant management
14. RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF HUMANS
Sense unexpected stimuli
Develop new solutions to problems
Cope with abstract problems
Adapt to change
Learn from Experience
Make difficult decisions based on incomplete
data
15. RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF MACHINES
Perform repetitive tasks consistently
Store large amounts of data
Retrieve data from memory reliably
Perform multiple tasks at same time
Apply high forces and power
Perform simple computations quickly
Make routine decisions quickly
16. Automation Principles and Strategies
1. The USA Principle
2. Ten Strategies for Automation and Production systems
3. Automation Migration Strategy
17. U.S.A Principle
1. Understand the existing process
Input/output analysis
Value chain analysis
Charting techniques and mathematical modeling
2. Simplify the process
Reduce unnecessary steps and moves
3. Automate the process
Ten strategies for automation and production systems
Automation migration strategy
18. Ten Strategies for Automation and Process
Improvement
1. Specialization of operations
2. Combined operations
3. Simultaneous operations
4. Integration of operations
5. Increased flexibility
6. Improved material handling and storage
7. On-line inspection
8. Process control and optimization
9. Plant operations control
10.Computer-integrated manufacturing
19. Automation Migration Strategy
For Introduction of New Products
1. Phase 1 – Manual production
Single-station manned cells working independently
Advantages: quick to set up, low-cost tooling
2. Phase 2 – Automated production
Single-station automated cells operating
independently
As demand grows and automation can be justified
3. Phase 3 – Automated integrated production
Multi-station system with serial operations and
automated transfer of work units between stations
21. Advantages
Phase-3 Avoids the commitment to a high level of
automation from the start, since there is always a risk
that demand for the product will not justify.
Phase-2 Allows automation to be introduced gradually, as
demand for the product grows, engineering changes in
the product are made, and time is allowed to do a
thorough design job on the automated manufacturing
system.
Phase-1 Allows the introduction of new product in the
shortest possible time , since the production cells based
on manual work stations are the easiest to design and
implement.
22. Manufacturing Operations
Manufacturing - Technological Definition
Application of physical and chemical processes to alter the
geometry, properties, and/or appearance of a given starting
material to make parts or products
Manufacturing also includes the joining of multiple parts to
make assembled products
Accomplished by a combination of machinery, tools, power, and
manual labor.
Almost always carried out as a sequence of operations
24. Manufacturing – as an Economic Process
Transformation of materials into items of greater value by
means of one or more processing and/or assembly operations
Manufacturing adds value to the material
Examples:
Converting iron ore to steel adds value
Transforming sand into glass adds value
Refining petroleum into plastic adds value
26. Classification of Industries
1. Primary industries – cultivate and exploit natural resources
Examples: agriculture, mining
2. Secondary industries – convert output of primary industries
into products
Examples: manufacturing, power generation,
construction
3. Tertiary industries – service sector
Examples: banking, education, government, legal
services, retail trade, transportation
27. Manufacturing Industries
ISIC Code
Food, beverages, tobacco 31
Textiles, apparel, leather and fur products 32
Wood and wood products, cork 33
Paper, printing, publishing, bookbinding 34
Chemicals, coal, petroleum and their products 35
Ceramics, glass, mineral products 36
Basic metals, e.g., steel, aluminum 37
Fabricated products, e.g., cars, machines, etc. 38
Other products, e.g., jewelry, toys 39
28. More Industry Classifications
Process industries, e.g., chemicals, petroleum, basic
metals, foods and beverages, power generation
Continuous production
Batch production
Discrete product (and part) industries, e.g., cars, aircraft,
appliances, machinery, and their component parts
Continuous production
Batch production
29. Process Industries and Discrete Manufacturing
Industries
Continuous production in the Process industries
Continuous production in the discrete manufacturing industries
30. Batch production in the process industries
Batch production in the discrete manufacturing industries
31. Manufacturing Operations
There are certain basic activities that must be carried out in
a factory to convert raw materials into finished products
For discrete products:
1. Processing and assembly operations
2. Material handling
3. Inspection and testing
4. Coordination and control
A processing operation transforms a work material from one state of
completion to a more advanced state using energy to alter its shape,
properties or appearance to add value to the material.
35. Assembly Operations
An assembly operation joins two or more
components to create a new entity which is called
an assembly, subassembly, etc.
36. Other Factory Operations
Material handling and storage
Inspection and testing
Coordination and control
37. Material Handling
A means of moving and storing materials between processing
and/or assembly operations
Material transport
Vehicles, e.g., forklift trucks, AGVs, monorails
Conveyors
Hoists and cranes
Storage systems
Unitizing equipment
Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC)
Bar codes
RFID
Other AIDC equipment
39. Inspection and Testing
Inspection – examination of the product and its components
to determine whether they conform to design specifications
Inspection for variables – measuring
Inspection of attributes – gaging
Testing – observing the product (or part, material,
subassembly) during actual operation or under conditions
that might occur during operation
40. Coordination and Control
Regulation of the individual processing and assembly
operations
Process control
Quality control
Management of plant level activities
Production planning and control
Quality control