1. Approaches to Baseline: OverviewDavid J. Ganz, PhDForest Carbon Science Team

3. Reductions in baseline emissions should be recognized and able to be credited.

4. “Business as usual” (bau) projections are used to define an expected Reference Emission Level (RELs) or “baselines”

8. reference region

10. strategies

11. leakage estimate

12. emissions factors

13. standards

16. monitoring plan

17. reporting

18. reporting (PDD)

19. verification

22. Review Key Steps - Nested Approach Agree upon national REL according to standard in a future international agreement or bilateral agreement Delineate reference regions for accounting Establish a REL for each region using historical data and where possible, modeling future deforestation and degradation Negotiate with national government to ensure that the sum of the regions’ RELs adds up to the national REL.

24. Reference region for projects same as sub-national accounting scale?

25. Same standards used at all scales?

26. Political feasibility?

27. Too complicated – needs to be understandable by governments/ civil society

30. Significant technological advancement in remote sensing capacity needed

31. Significant ground truthing of remotely sensed imagery needed

32. Carbon stocks of different forest ecosystems worldwide poorly known