5. Goals
• identify all the approximate 30,000
genes in human DNA,
• determine the sequences of the 3
billion chemical base pairs that
make up human DNA,
• store this information in databases,
7. Goals
• To answer the question:
– What actually specifies the
human organism? What makes
us human? This is what medical
science is aboutthe specific
ways in which we are different
from animals.
8. Findings
• Approximately 23,000 genes in human
beings, the same range as in mice and
roundworms.
• The human genome has significantly more
segmental duplications (nearly identical,
repeated sections of DNA) than other
mammalian genomes.
• At the time when the draft sequence was
published less than 7% of protein families
appeared to be vertebrate specific.
10. Benefits
• Knowledge of the effects of variation
of DNA among individuals can
revolutionize the ways to diagnose,
treat and even prevent a number of
diseases that affects the human
beings.
• It provides clues to the understanding
of human biology.
11. Benefits
• learning about nonhuman organisms'
DNA sequences can lead to an
understanding of their natural
capabilities that can be applied
toward solving challenges in health
care, energy sources, agriculture, and
environmental cleanup.
12. Benefits
• Molecular Medicine
– earlier detection of genetic
predispositions to disease
– gene therapy and control systems for
drugs
• Microbial Genomics
– environmental monitoring to detect
pollutants
– understanding disease vulnerabilities and
revealing drug targets
13. Benefits
• Bioarchaeology, Anthropology, Evolution,
and Human Migration
– study migration of different population
groups based on female genetic
inheritance
– compare breakpoints in the evolution of
mutations with ages of populations and
historical events
• DNA Forensics (Identification)
14. RISKS
• Enhancement engineering is
widely regarded as both
scientifically and ethically
problematic. From a scientific
standpoint, it is unlikely that we will
soon be able to enhance normally
functioning genes without risking
grave side effects.
15. RISKS
• assess health damage and risks
caused by radiation exposure,
including lowdose exposures
• assess health damage and risks
caused by exposure to mutagenic
chemicals and cancercausing toxins
• reduce the likelihood of heritable
mutations
17. • Reference:
– The Human Genome Project by Walter Gilbert
Notas del editor
Understanding how these genes express themselves will provide clues to how diseases are caused. These sections may underlie the creation of new primate-specific genes