1. Computer Hardware

2. Components of a Computer-
Based Information System
(CBIS)
Hardware
Programs (Software)
Data (Database)
People
Procedures
Networks

3. What is a computer?
an electronic device that has the
ability
to accept data, internally store and
automatically execute a program of
instructions, perform mathematical,
logical, and manipulative operations
on data, and report the results

4. Computer Components
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
arithmetic-logic unit
control unit
Primary Storage / Main Memory
Input Devices
Output Devices
Secondary Storage Devices
I/O Devices

5. Input
Devices
Input
Devices
Output
Devices
Output
Devices
Communication
Devices
Communication
Devices
Control
Unit
Arithmetic-Logic
Unit
Primary Storage
Secondary
Storage
Secondary
Storage
Central Processing Unit
Bus
Bus
External
Network
Bus
Bus

6. Types of Storage
Primary Storage:
Internal temporary storage connected to
CPU and used to house data and
instructions for processing
Secondary storage:
External permanent location for storing
data and instructions when not needed
by CPU
Cache
. . .

7. Where do we put programs
and data to work on them ?
into primary storage from
input devices
secondary storage devices
communications devices

8. How do we refer to a
location in primary storage ?
by its address

9. Primary Storage
0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19
00000 00001 00010 00011
00100 00101 00110 00111
01000 01001 01010 01011
01100 01101 01110 01111
10000 10001 10010 10011

10. How do we connect the
components of a computer
together ?
through a bus

11. Where do we store instructions
and data at the actual instant
that they are being processed ?
in registers

12. Buses & Registers
Control
Unit
Arithmetic /
Logic Unit
Primary Storage
Output
Devices
Input
Devices Secondary
Storage
Devices
CPU

13. Bus
Data
Address
Control
Electrical

14. Registers
Special Purpose
Program Address (PAR) (aka Program
Counter)
Data
Address
Instruction
General Purpose

15. How fast can we execute
instructions ?
Millions of instructions per second
MIPS
Millions of floating point operations
per second
MegaFLOPS (MFLOPS)
Logical inferences per second
LIPS
megahertz (MHz)
million cycles per second

16. How fast can we execute
instructions ?
gigahertz (GHz)
billion cycles per second
billions of instructions per second
BIPS

17. Timing Circuitry /
Clock
Clock
Generator
CPU
Bus
Controller
RAM, ROM, or I/O
Control
Address
Data
Random
Logic
I / O
Controller
Bus
Driver
Interrupt
Controller
Bus
Driver
Bus
Driver

18. Unit Fraction of a Second
Time Units
millisecond one - thousandth
microsecond one - millionth
nanosecond one - billionth
picosecond one - trillionth
femtosecond one -
quadrillionth

19. Primary Storage
Random-Access Memory (RAM)
Working area for various activities
Temporary holding place for
data/programs
Contents retained only when computer is
on
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Location of startup procedures
Holding place for all permanent internal
instructions
Contents retained when computer is on

20. Memory / Storage Capacity
kilobyte 210
= 1,024 ≈ 1 thousand bytes
megabyte 220
= 1,048,576 ≈ 1 million
bytes
gigabyte 230
= 1,073,741,824 ≈ 1 billion
bytes
terabyte 240
≈ 1 trillion bytes
petabyte 250
≈ 1 quadrillion bytes
exabyte 260
≈ 1 quintillion bytes

21. Levels of IC Integration
SSI
MSI
LSI
VLSI
SLSI
ULSI
GSI

22. Trends in Chip Technology
Capacity
Speed
Size
Cost

23. Input / Output
Devices

24. Input Devices / Media
Keyboard
Mouse / Trackball /Joystick
Touch Screen
Light Pen
Graphics Pad / Touchpad / Digitizer
Magnetic Ink Character Reader
(MICR)
Microphone (Voice)

25. Input Devices / Media
Digital Camera
Optical Scanner
UPC
Mark Sense
OCR
Retinal / Thumb print / Image
Microfilm (CIM)
Other ????

26. Output Devices / Media
Monitor, VDT, VDU, CRT, Screen
text
graphics
picture element / pixel
VGA / SVGA / XGA / UXGA / ...
Printer
dot-matrix / solid character
impact / non-impact
character / line / page
single color / multi-color

27. Output Devices / Media
Plotter
flatbed / drum
single color / multi-color
Speaker (Voice)
Slides / Film
Microfilm (COM)
Other ????

28. Input / Output Devices /
Media
Storage devices
Internal & external bus controllers
Communications ports
Modems (and communication
channels)
Network interface cards (NIC)
Wireless receivers / transmitters

29. Secondary Storage

30. Secondary Storage
Punch Cards
Paper Tape
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic Disk
Hard Disk
Diskette (“Floppy” Disk) / Zip Disk
Optical Disk
CD-ROM / CD-R / CD-RW
DVD-ROM / DVD-R / DVD-RW / DVD+RW

31. Punch Card
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3031 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4041 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 5051 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 7071 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3031 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4041 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 5051 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 7071 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
012345678 9 A BCDE FGHI JKLM NOPQ RSTU VWXY Z .,- =()$

32. Paper Tape

33. Magnetic Tape
9 — track Tape
EBCDIC code — even parity
4
6
0
1
2
P
3
7
5
A
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
A
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
C
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
S
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
I
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
S
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
9
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
8
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
9
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
M
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0

34. Disk - Top View
with Section of
Track
1
0 10
1
0
1 0 101 0101 01
0
1
0
1
0 1

35. CD-ROM - Side View

36. Secondary Storage
Magnetic Drum
Magneto-Optical Disk
Other Optical Disk
Read-Only
WORM
Rewritable
Optical Card
Microfilm / Microfiche (COM / CIM )

37. NOTES
On-Line versus Off-Line Devices
Peripheral versus Auxiliary
Devices
Automated Teller Machines (ATMs)
Source Data Automation / POS
Terminals
Data Capture versus Data Entry
Multimedia

38. “Kinds” of
Computers

39. Computer Categories
Types
Analog
Digital
Hybrid

40. Computer Categories
Purposes
General / Special / Dedicated
Business / Scientific

41. Computer Categories
"Sizes"
Micro / PC
Desktop
Notebook
Workstations
Mini
Mainframe
Super
“Server”

42. Computer Categories
"Sizes"
Smart Card
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
Terminal Computers
Network Computers
Windows-Based Terminals
Diskless Workstations

43. Computer Categories
Number of Processors
Single Processor
pipeline processing
Multiprocessor
Power PC
parallel processing
massively parallel processing (MPP)
primary & support processors

44. Determinants of
Computer Power
Processor Speed (Clock)
Word Size
Bus
Registers
Bus Speed
Primary Storage Size
Words / Bytes
Primary Storage Speed

45. Determinants of
Computer Power
Secondary Storage Size
Secondary Storage Speed
Instruction Set
CISC
RISC
ASIC
Cache
Size, Speed, Location