FMD , mu khur, viral disease aptho-virus , picornaviridae

1. Foot and mouth disease
Dr FAHAD
Lecturer
CMS [UAF]

2. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE
(HOOF AND MOUTH DISEASE)
• Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is highly
contagious viral disease which affects all cloven
footed animals (cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats,
deer, yaks, bison, etc.).
• The disease is usually characterized by
development of vesicles (blisters-like lesions) in
the mouth and feet, excessive salivation and
lameness.

3. ETIOLOGY
• VIRUS
The virus is called Aphthovirus.
It belongs to Picornaviridae family.
There are 7 distinct serotypes (O, A, C, Asia 1,
SAT 1, 2, & 3) and there are a number of
subtypes in each serotype.
The immunity against one serotype (and
subtypes) may not protect the animals from
other serotypes (and subtypes).

4. Transmission
• The disease can spread through a number of
ways;
Direct animal to animals contact
Through aerosols. Under suitable conditions of
temperature and humidity; the virus can spread
to other areas at more than 70 km distance
with blowing wind.
Through contaminated farm equipment, tools,
utensils, vehicles, clothing, shoes.
Through contaminated feed and water.

5. Transmission
Through people (farm personnel, attendants,
milkers, and visitors).
Through predators (domestic and wild).
Through contaminated uncooked food of animal
origin or feed supplements containing infected
animal products.
Also, through semen from infected animals.

6. Wildlife, a source of FMD spread

7. Clinical Signs
• The incubation period of FMD is between 2 -12 days.
• 1st the development of moderate to high fever (104 -106 0F)
that may decline after 2-3 days.
• There will drooling of excessive, stringy, and foamy saliva
from the mouth.
• There will be development of vesicles (blisters) in the
mouth (tongue, gums and lips), which later rupture and
leave ulcers.
• The vesicles (blisters) and ulcers may also develop on feet
at the inter-digital spaces.
• Occasionally, blisters also present on the teats and udder.

8. Clinical signs
• There will be partial or complete anorexia (no eating)
due to pain in the mouth.
• There will be much decrease in milk production.
• There will be lameness (due to pain in the foot).
• Sloughing of hooves, mastitis, panting syndromes, etc.
are some of the complications of FMD.
• Newborn animals may die more with FMD than adults.
• The disease is very severe in exotic breeds of livestock
with more deaths in calves, and also in adults.

9. Excessive salivation is a sign of FMD

10. Excessive salivation is a sign of FMD

11. Excessive salivation is a sign of FMD

12. Excessive salivation is a sign of FMD

13. Development of vesicles and ulcers in
the mouth are important signs of FMD

14. Sloughing of tongue mucosa may also
be seen in FMD

15. Sloughing of tongue mucosa may also
be seen in FMD

16. Treatment
• Since it is a viral disease, therefore, no effective
medical treatment for FMD is available.
• FMD antisera if available, can be used as treatment
during outbreak.
• The mouth and foot lesions may be treated with
antiseptics, e.g. weak solution of Potassium
permanganate, Gentian violet, Mercurochrome
solutions, or Boric acid-glycerin, etc.
• Antibiotics (e.g. Penicillin + Streptomycin, Gentamycin,
Terramycine, Enrofloxacin, or Trimethoprim +
Sulfadiazine, etc.) may be given to avoid secondary
bacterial infection.

17. Control and Prevention
• The disease is endemic in Pakistan (prevalent
throughout the country). It can be controlled by;
 Adopting strict vaccination schedule,
• All susceptible indigenous animals should be
vaccinated twice a year.
• All animals of foreign breeds and their crosses should
be vaccinated thrice a year.
 Adopting effective sanitation and biosecurity
procedures, round the year.

18. Vaccination automatic syringe

19. Control and Prevention
The FMD vaccine to be used should be serotype
(and subtype) specific.
The vaccines will normally protect animals from
developing clinical signs of disease but not
necessarily protect animals against FMDV infection.
Vaccination only provides temporary immunity, so
the susceptible animals should be vaccinated
frequently.

20. Biosecurity and quarantine measures
• All new animals should be quarantined
and vaccinated against FMD before
introducing them to the livestock farm.
• Prohibit the entry of live animals,
semen, embryos, animal by-products,
including feed from areas of FMD
outbreaks.
• Restrict movement of animals, human,
vehicles, etc. from infected to non-
infected farms.

21. Biosecurity and quarantine measures
• Wash hands, shoes, vehicles, etc. with
disinfectants before entering and leaving the
infected farms.
• Use disinfectants (Phenol, Sodium hydroxide,
Sodium Hypochlorite, etc.) at the premises of the
infected farm to destroy or minimize the virus
contamination.
• In case of outbreak of FMD, immediately report
to the authority.

22. Important note
• Adult animals may recover from the FMD
disease in 7-10 days but remain carrier for a
long period.
• The virus may survive at the farm premises and
contaminated fodder for more than one month
under suitable conditions (humidity and
temperature).

24. Guess?