mutation are sudden inheritable variation cause due to change in structure or size of dna or chromosomes this are sometime responsible for various disease and supernatural power in humans and other creatures

1. EVOLUTIONS
BEGINS

2. Mutation is an
sudden inheritable
discontinuous
variation which are
caused by a change
in nucleotide type
and sequence of a
DNA segment
representing agene

4. POINT
MUTATIONS
CHROMOSOMAL
MUTATIONS
Change in the structure
of gene is called
point or gene
mutation which
occurs due to some
error in replication
of DNA thus’
changed gene are
inherited
Change in structure or
number of
chromosomes called
chromosomal
mutations

5. A mutation to genetic material is usually not
beneficial. Mutagens are things that cause
mutations, they include:
1. High Temperatures
2. Toxic Chemicals (pesticides, etc)
3. Radiation (nuclear and solar)
Many common place items are capable of
causing mutations: microwave, fruit from the
store, radar, cellular phones….

6. Some people may have
mutations in their skin cells
or hair. Such mutations are
termed Somatic. Germ
mutations occur only in the
sex cells. These mutations
are more threatening
because they can be passed
to offspring (forever).

7. Chromosomal:
affecting whole
or a part of a
chromosome
Gene: changes
to the bases in
the DNA of one
gene

9. During meiosis
tetrads may not
segregate or in
meiosis II, sister
chromatids may stick
together.
No disjunction.
The above karyotype is of a person who has
nondisjunction of the 21st shromosome or Down
syndrome. (note the extra chromosome)

10. Point mutation - when a base is
replaced with a different base.
CGG CCC AAT to CGG CGC AAT
Guanine for Cytosine
Insertion - when a base is added
CGG CCC AAT to CGG CGC CAA T
Guanine is added
Deletion - the loss of a base
CGG CCC AAT to CGG CCA A T
loss of Cytosine

11.  A frame shift mutation results from a
base deletion or insertion. Each of
these changes the triplets that follow
the mutation.
CGG CCC AAT to CGG CGC CAA T
 Frame shift mutations have greater
effects than a point mutation because
they involve more triplets (recall
how important triplets are to protein
synthesis)

12. The Frame shift
changes the mRNA
produced.
mRNA from DNA
as expected……..
GGG CCC TTT AAA
CCC GGG AAA UUU
Mutated DNA GGC GCC CTT TAA A
CCG CGG GAAAUU U
All the triplets are changed, this in turn
changes the amino acids of the protein!

13. Protein shape determines how a protein
will function. A change in one amino acid
may change the shape enough to distort
the protein (as in sickle cell disease).
Thus, change in one base could
potentially distort a whole protein. It is
more likely that a frame shift mutation
will change several triplets and distort a
protein’s structure.