1. Migration
Saturday, February 21, 2009

2. Migration and Health
Saturday, February 21, 2009

3. Migration and Health
Health Impact
Saturday, February 21, 2009

4. Migration and Health
Health Impact
Definitions
Saturday, February 21, 2009

5. Migration and Health
Health Impact
Definitions
Flawed Assumptions
Saturday, February 21, 2009

6. Migration and Health
Health Impact
Definitions
Flawed Assumptions
Contributory Factors
Saturday, February 21, 2009

7. Health Impact
Saturday, February 21, 2009

8. Health Impact
Individual
Saturday, February 21, 2009

9. Health Impact
Individual
Community
Saturday, February 21, 2009

10. Health Impact
Individual
Community
Epidemiological
Saturday, February 21, 2009

11. Health Impact
Individual
Community
Epidemiological
Service Demands
Saturday, February 21, 2009

12. Internal Migration
Out In
Saturday, February 21, 2009

13. Internal Migration
Out In
Manchester
Liverpool
Lancaster
S. Lakeland
0 8 16 24 32 40
Saturday, February 21, 2009

14. Internal Migration
Out In
30.6
Manchester
27.7
Liverpool
Lancaster
S. Lakeland
0 8 16 24 32 40
Saturday, February 21, 2009

15. Internal Migration
Out In
30.6
Manchester
27.7
19.0
Liverpool
15.8
Lancaster
S. Lakeland
0 8 16 24 32 40
Saturday, February 21, 2009

16. Internal Migration
Out In
30.6
Manchester
27.7
19.0
Liverpool
15.8
6.8
Lancaster
8.0
S. Lakeland
0 8 16 24 32 40
Saturday, February 21, 2009

17. Internal Migration
Out In
30.6
Manchester
27.7
19.0
Liverpool
15.8
6.8
Lancaster
8.0
4.5
S. Lakeland
5.3
0 8 16 24 32 40
Saturday, February 21, 2009

18. International Migration
Saturday, February 21, 2009

19. International Migration
'Legal/illegal'
Saturday, February 21, 2009

20. International Migration
'Legal/illegal'
Asylum Seekers
Saturday, February 21, 2009

21. International Migration
'Legal/illegal'
Asylum Seekers
Refugees
Saturday, February 21, 2009

22. International Migration
'Legal/illegal'
Asylum Seekers
Refugees
Economic Migrants
Saturday, February 21, 2009

23. Immigration and re-
emigration
Saturday, February 21, 2009

24. Immigration and re-
emigration
Between half and two thirds of immigrants from
the EU, North America and Oceania re-emigrate
within 5 years.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

25. Immigration and re-
emigration
Between half and two thirds of immigrants from
the EU, North America and Oceania re-emigrate
within 5 years.
15% of those from the Indian Subcontinent re
emigrate within 5 years.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

26. Neo Classical Economic
Theory
Saturday, February 21, 2009

27. Neo Classical Economic
Theory
Macro level factors:
geographical differences in age,employment and capital
investment opportunities
Saturday, February 21, 2009

28. Neo Classical Economic
Theory
Macro level factors:
geographical differences in age,employment and capital
investment opportunities
Push and pull factors:
Place of origin- poverty, unemployment
Destinations - high standard of living standard, job
opportunities.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

29. Neo Classical Economic
Theory
Macro level factors:
geographical differences in age,employment and capital
investment opportunities
Push and pull factors:
Place of origin- poverty, unemployment
Destinations - high standard of living standard, job
opportunities.
Individual decides whether or not to emigrate:
maximise of income and skills
perceived financial and psychological costs
Saturday, February 21, 2009

30. New Economics of Migration
(Stark, 1981)
Saturday, February 21, 2009

31. New Economics of Migration
(Stark, 1981)
Expansion of macro level factors:
Saturday, February 21, 2009

32. New Economics of Migration
(Stark, 1981)
Expansion of macro level factors:
Volatility/failures of local markets.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

33. New Economics of Migration
(Stark, 1981)
Expansion of macro level factors:
Volatility/failures of local markets.
Lack of livelihood risk insurance
Saturday, February 21, 2009

34. New Economics of Migration
(Stark, 1981)
Expansion of macro level factors:
Volatility/failures of local markets.
Lack of livelihood risk insurance
Lack of access to credit
Saturday, February 21, 2009

35. New Economics of Migration
(Stark, 1981)
Expansion of macro level factors:
Volatility/failures of local markets.
Lack of livelihood risk insurance
Lack of access to credit
Emigrant remittances (money sent home) provides risk
insurance for non-migrating household members.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

36. New Economics of Migration
(Stark, 1981)
Expansion of macro level factors:
Volatility/failures of local markets.
Lack of livelihood risk insurance
Lack of access to credit
Emigrant remittances (money sent home) provides risk
insurance for non-migrating household members.
Emigration of individual is result of household decision-making.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

37. New Economics of Migration
(Stark, 1981)
Expansion of macro level factors:
Volatility/failures of local markets.
Lack of livelihood risk insurance
Lack of access to credit
Emigrant remittances (money sent home) provides risk
insurance for non-migrating household members.
Emigration of individual is result of household decision-making.
Emigration helps to diversify income sources
Saturday, February 21, 2009

38. New Economics of Migration
(Stark, 1981)
Expansion of macro level factors:
Volatility/failures of local markets.
Lack of livelihood risk insurance
Lack of access to credit
Emigrant remittances (money sent home) provides risk
insurance for non-migrating household members.
Emigration of individual is result of household decision-making.
Emigration helps to diversify income sources
Remittances provide a steady source of income.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

39. Dual Labour Market Theory
(Piore, 1979)
Saturday, February 21, 2009

40. Dual Labour Market Theory
(Piore, 1979)
Focus on pull factors in destination areas
Saturday, February 21, 2009

41. Dual Labour Market Theory
(Piore, 1979)
Focus on pull factors in destination areas
Main cause of emigration - structural labour needs of modern
economies in destination areas
Saturday, February 21, 2009

42. Dual Labour Market Theory
(Piore, 1979)
Focus on pull factors in destination areas
Main cause of emigration - structural labour needs of modern
economies in destination areas
Shortage of labour in low status/low income jobs.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

43. Dual Labour Market Theory
(Piore, 1979)
Focus on pull factors in destination areas
Main cause of emigration - structural labour needs of modern
economies in destination areas
Shortage of labour in low status/low income jobs.
Objective of host population is upward mobility away from low
status/ low income jobs (then filled by immigrants)
Saturday, February 21, 2009

44. World Systems Theory
(Wallerstein, 1974, Massey, 1989)
Saturday, February 21, 2009

45. World Systems Theory
(Wallerstein, 1974, Massey, 1989)
Main cause of emigration is Economic and Political Globalization.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

46. World Systems Theory
(Wallerstein, 1974, Massey, 1989)
Main cause of emigration is Economic and Political Globalization.
Globalization brings about social change and alters traditional
employer/labour relations
Saturday, February 21, 2009

47. World Systems Theory
(Wallerstein, 1974, Massey, 1989)
Main cause of emigration is Economic and Political Globalization.
Globalization brings about social change and alters traditional
employer/labour relations
Introduction of modern means of production pushes unskilled
workers out of jobs.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

48. World Systems Theory
(Wallerstein, 1974, Massey, 1989)
Main cause of emigration is Economic and Political Globalization.
Globalization brings about social change and alters traditional
employer/labour relations
Introduction of modern means of production pushes unskilled
workers out of jobs.
Market penetration in poor countries affects local aspirations
increasing emigration motivation.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

49. The European response to migration
Saturday, February 21, 2009

50. The European response to migration
• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:
Saturday, February 21, 2009

51. The European response to migration
• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:
Abolition of red-tape
Saturday, February 21, 2009

52. The European response to migration
• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:
Abolition of red-tape
Equivalence of qualifications
Saturday, February 21, 2009

53. The European response to migration
• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:
Abolition of red-tape
Equivalence of qualifications
Social security and welfare recognition
Saturday, February 21, 2009

54. The European response to migration
• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:
Abolition of red-tape
Equivalence of qualifications
Social security and welfare recognition
Removal of physical border controls
Saturday, February 21, 2009

55. The European response to migration
• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:
Abolition of red-tape
Equivalence of qualifications
Social security and welfare recognition
Removal of physical border controls
Right of vote to non-nationals in local and European elections
Saturday, February 21, 2009

56. The European response to migration
• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:
Abolition of red-tape
Equivalence of qualifications
Social security and welfare recognition
Removal of physical border controls
Right of vote to non-nationals in local and European elections
• Restrictive policies for non-EU citizens
Saturday, February 21, 2009

57. The European response to migration
• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:
Abolition of red-tape
Equivalence of qualifications
Social security and welfare recognition
Removal of physical border controls
Right of vote to non-nationals in local and European elections
• Restrictive policies for non-EU citizens
Implementation of harsher national legislative frameworks
both on immigration and asylum
Saturday, February 21, 2009

58. The European response to migration
• Free mobility of labour for EU nationals:
Abolition of red-tape
Equivalence of qualifications
Social security and welfare recognition
Removal of physical border controls
Right of vote to non-nationals in local and European elections
• Restrictive policies for non-EU citizens
Implementation of harsher national legislative frameworks
both on immigration and asylum
Greater co-ordination of European immigration policies
Saturday, February 21, 2009

59. Irish Mental Health
Saturday, February 21, 2009

60. Irish Mental Health
Highest suicide rate for all BME and host population in England
and Wales
Overall 53% excess suicide
Males 20- 29- 75% excess
Females almost 3 x higher suicide rates
Hospital admissions 1996- 22:1000 for Irish women compared
to 6:1000 for white women and 7:1000 for black women
Saturday, February 21, 2009

61. Demographic Change
Saturday, February 21, 2009

62. Why demography is important
Saturday, February 21, 2009

63. Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and
prediction of future social needs.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

64. Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and
prediction of future social needs.
Size
Saturday, February 21, 2009

65. Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and
prediction of future social needs.
Size
Distribution
Saturday, February 21, 2009

66. Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and
prediction of future social needs.
Size
Distribution
Structure- age, gender, ethnicity, wealth
Saturday, February 21, 2009

67. Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and
prediction of future social needs.
Size
Distribution
Structure- age, gender, ethnicity, wealth
Fertility, morbidity and mortality
Saturday, February 21, 2009

68. Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and
prediction of future social needs.
Size
Distribution
Structure- age, gender, ethnicity, wealth
Fertility, morbidity and mortality
Migration
Saturday, February 21, 2009

69. Why demography is important
Estimation of current social needs and
prediction of future social needs.
Size
Distribution
Structure- age, gender, ethnicity, wealth
Fertility, morbidity and mortality
Migration
Future trends
Saturday, February 21, 2009

70. ‘The demographic time bomb’
Saturday, February 21, 2009

71. ‘The demographic time bomb’
• In 1991 around 4,400 people were aged 100 yrs.
compared to 600 in 1961.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

72. ‘The demographic time bomb’
• In 1991 around 4,400 people were aged 100 yrs.
compared to 600 in 1961.
• 71% of women over 75 live alone
Saturday, February 21, 2009

73. ‘The demographic time bomb’
• In 1991 around 4,400 people were aged 100 yrs.
compared to 600 in 1961.
• 71% of women over 75 live alone
• The number of people aged over 85 is predicted to
increase by 138% in the next 30 years.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

74. ‘The demographic time bomb’
• In 1991 around 4,400 people were aged 100 yrs.
compared to 600 in 1961.
• 71% of women over 75 live alone
• The number of people aged over 85 is predicted to
increase by 138% in the next 30 years.
• One in five people between 45-64 provided care for
someone else in 1995/6
Saturday, February 21, 2009

75. ‘The demographic time bomb’
• In 1991 around 4,400 people were aged 100 yrs.
compared to 600 in 1961.
• 71% of women over 75 live alone
• The number of people aged over 85 is predicted to
increase by 138% in the next 30 years.
• One in five people between 45-64 provided care for
someone else in 1995/6
• Only 9.6% of households where the oldest adult was
between 75-84 yrs. received home care from local
authorities in 1997.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

76. Households
% living alone lone parent
Saturday, February 21, 2009

77. Households
% living alone lone parent
12
8
4
0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2000
Saturday, February 21, 2009

78. Households
% living alone lone parent
12
8
12
11
8
4
6
4
0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2000
Saturday, February 21, 2009

79. Households
% living alone lone parent
12
8
12
11
10 10
8
4
6 6
4 4
3
0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2000
Saturday, February 21, 2009

80. UN Migration Scenario
To maintain the ratio of 15-64 year olds to 65+ year olds constant requires:
Saturday, February 21, 2009

81. Health and Illness
Saturday, February 21, 2009

82. Health and Illness
• The prevalence of dementia roughly
doubles every five years after 65
Saturday, February 21, 2009

83. Health and Illness
• The prevalence of dementia roughly
doubles every five years after 65
• Less than 1.5% of 65-69 year olds have
dementia
Saturday, February 21, 2009

84. Health and Illness
• The prevalence of dementia roughly
doubles every five years after 65
• Less than 1.5% of 65-69 year olds have
dementia
• But prevalence rises to10-13% for 80-84
year olds and reaches 32- 38% amongst
adults over 90.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

85. Health and Illness
• The prevalence of dementia roughly
doubles every five years after 65
• Less than 1.5% of 65-69 year olds have
dementia
• But prevalence rises to10-13% for 80-84
year olds and reaches 32- 38% amongst
adults over 90.
• Less than 7% of adults over 65 have
dementia.
Saturday, February 21, 2009

86. Images of older people
Saturday, February 21, 2009

87. Images of Older People
Saturday, February 21, 2009

88. Social and Cultural Factors
Saturday, February 21, 2009

89. Social and Cultural Factors
• The impact of ageing on physical and
mental well being is significantly
influenced by social and cultural
factors such as:
Saturday, February 21, 2009

90. Social and Cultural Factors
• The impact of ageing on physical and
mental well being is significantly
influenced by social and cultural
factors such as:
– Personal and social expectations about work,
exercise levels, dependency and autonomy
Saturday, February 21, 2009

91. Social and Cultural Factors
• The impact of ageing on physical and
mental well being is significantly
influenced by social and cultural
factors such as:
– Personal and social expectations about work,
exercise levels, dependency and autonomy
– The political and social influence of older
people in society
Saturday, February 21, 2009