The document summarizes information about the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. It provides background on the location and stakeholders involved. It then describes the causes of the spill, including failures in safety systems and issues with cementing and pressure testing. It discusses impacts on fisheries, marine species, seabirds, invertebrates, corals and ecosystems. Finally, it outlines remedial measures taken, including containment booms, dispersants, controlled burns, and skimming operations.

2. DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL

3. DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL
• Also referred to as the BP oil spill, the BP oil
disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the
Macondo blowout
• Largest marine oil spill in history
• Caused on April 20, 2010
• An explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig
and its subsequent sinking on April 22

4. Deepwater Horizon
• An ultra-deepwater,
offshore drilling rig
owned by Transocean.
• Built in 2001 in South
Korea by Hyundai Heavy
Industries.
• The oil well over which it
was positioned was located on
the seabed 4,993 feet
(1,522 metres)
below the surface and
extended approximately 18,000
feet (5,486 metres) into the rock.

5. Location of deepwater horizon
located in the Gulf of Mexico, approximately 41 miles
(66 km) off the coast of Louisiana

6. STAKEHOLDERS
BP, British Petroleum, is a British
multinational oil and gas company
headquartered in London, England.
SHARE: 65 percent
Anadarko is an American petroleum
and natural gas exploration company
in Texas. SHARE: 25 percent
Mitsui Oil Exploration Co.
(MOEX Offshore), SHARE: 10 percent

7. HISTORY OF THE OPERATION
• On March 19, 2008, BP obtained a 10-year
lease in Central Gulf of Mexico, conducted by
the Minerals Management Service (MMS).
• Initial drilling of the Macondo well began on
October 6, 2009.
• The Deepwater Horizon was selected in
January 2010 for drilling the Macondo well.
• The planned well was to be drilled to 18,360
feet (5,600 m) below sea level

8. INCIDENT
• On the night of April 20 a surge of natural
gas blasted through a concrete core.
• The natural gas traveled up the Deepwater rig’s
riser to the platform, where it ignited, killing 11
workers and injuring 17.
• The rig sank on the morning of April 22.
• Ruptured the riser.
• Without any opposing force, oil began to
discharge into the gulf.

12. CAUSES
• The accident at Deep water horizon is not
an accident not only due to time-action
gapping, but also some sequential events
related to maintenance.
• Explosion is the main reason behind this oil
spill.

14. • At first it was `blow out preventer’
(which was designed to shut down the
well) failed to shut down the well.
• Secondly. There was a technical fault
in design of the gas venting system
which allows a cloud of explosive gas
to envelop the rig
• At last the additional valves deep
inside the well failed to prevent oil
and gas from flowing up the steel pipe

15. • Dodgy cement
• The cement at the bottom of the
borehole did not create a seal, and
oil and gas began to leak through it
into the pipe leading to the surface
• Quality of cement:
• The cement contained a nitrogen
additive to make it lighter so that it
would flow more easily.
• This also may have decreased its
sealing effectiveness

17. • Pressure test misinterpreted:
• The crew carried out various pressure tests to
determine whether the well was sealed or not.
The results of these tests were misinterpreted
• No gas alarm:
• The rig had an onboard gas detection system
that should have sounded the alarm and
triggered the closure of ventilation fans to
prevent the gas reaching potential causes of
ignition

19. IMPACTS FROM THE DEEPWATER HORIZON
OIL SPILL ON GULF OF MEXICO FISHERIES
The oil spill affected fisheries on three different
levels:
1. The Individual Level, or how oil spills may
impact a single living thing (like a fish).
2. The Population Level, or how oil spills may
impact a group of living things of the same
species.
3. Community-Wide Impacts or how oil spills
cause deformities in the developing larvae of blue
fin tuna and other communities .

20. • IMPACTS TO MARINE SPECIES
Striped dolphins swim among emulsified oil
patches on April 29, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico,
a few days after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.

21. Sea turtle nests also have gone down in these years
That rose to 125 in the seven months after the spill in 2010 and
335 in 2011 .Reported Reuters in 2015.
“From 2002 to 2009, the Gulf averaged 63 dolphin deaths a year.
DOLPHINS AND SEA TURTLES : Stranding of both Dolphins and sea
turtles increased significantly in the years following the spill.

22. SEA BIRDS
Seabirds were
harmed by crude
surface oil even a
small bit of oil on
their feathers
impeded their
ability to fly, swim
and find food by
diving.
INVERTEBRATS
Invertebrates
in the Gulf
were hard hit
by the DHS
both in coastal
areas and in
the deep.
DEEP WATER
CORALS
Found as deep
as 4,000 feet
below the
surface
Corals near the
blow out
showed signs
of tissue
damage

23. ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS
The Gulf is composed of inter-related
ecosystems that stretch from
estuaries and coastal wetlands to the
pelagic zone (open ocean).

25. THE HUMAN HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
• The spill exposed people to oil
fumes, Volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy
metals
• ACUTE TOXIC EFFECTS,
Neurological, ocular (eye),
respiratory, nausea, Headaches ,Eye,
nose, and throat irritation.
• By 21 June 2010, 143 oil spill exposure
cases had been reported
108 of those cases involved workers in
the clean-up efforts,
35 were reported by gulf residents.

26. Remedial measures
• The fundamental strategies that were taken to
clean the oil spill were
1. Containment booms
2. Dispersant
3. Combustion
4. Collection

27. 1.Containment booms
• Oil when spilled, tends to float to the surface
and spread out, forming a thin slick just a few
millimeters thick.
• Cleanup workers surrounded the slick
with floating booms a physical barrier to keep
it from spreading

28. CONT….
• Sorbent Booms extend 18–48 inches above
and below the water surface .
• A total of 13,300,000 feet of booms
were deployed.
• Sorbents either absorb oil like a sponge or
adsorb oil, which means that oil sticks to its
surface.

30. CONT….
• They come in three main types:
1. Natural organic materials like peat moss and
hay
2. Natural inorganic materials like clay, volcanic
ash and sand
3. Synthetic sorbents made of materials similar
to plastic like polyurethane, polypropylene,
and polyethylene.

31. 2.USE OF DISPERSANT
• Dispersants are chemicals that break down
the oil into smaller particles
• Evaporation and bacteria can then degrade
these tiny droplets
• waves can wash them away from the spill site.
• Oil was treated with over 1.4 million gallons of
various chemical dispersants

32. CONT..
• Dispersant were spread over the open ocean
from an airplane or helicopter.
• Usage of dispersants was described as "the
most effective and fast moving tool for
minimizing impact”

34. 3.COMBUSTION
• About 5% of leaked oil was burned at the
surface and 3% was skimmed.
• Controlled in-situ fires remediated
approximately 265,000 barrels.
• The fires released small amounts of toxins,
including cancer-causing dioxins

36. 4.COLLECTION
• Oil was collected from water by
using skimmers.
• In total 2,063 various skimmers were used
• In mid-June 2010, BP ordered 32 machines
that separate oil and water
• Each machine was capable of extracting up to
2,000 barrels per day.
• By 28 June, had removed 890,000 barrels