The document discusses the rise of collectivism in response to the failures of liberalism after World War 1. Collectivism favored social planning over individual freedom and took different forms like communism, fascism, and welfare states. Fascism originated in Italy in the early 1920s under Mussolini, who opposed democracy and liberal values. He came to power amid economic troubles and political unrest. His paramilitary Blackshirts helped him seize control in 1922.