Hot and cool water supply waste disposal sanitary

3. Water Supply and
Distribution System
Definition
A well-planned distribution of pipe network that
can distribute water supply to the premises in an
organized way. Overall, the effectiveness of water
supply system means a decision may be taken by
examining a method of distribution the water
supply to the premises in an orderly manner and
properly.
Introduction For Water Supply
Clean water is very important for a residence. There
force, the construction of the water supply should be
emphasized to ensure that consumers are satisfied
with the services provide. In supplying water to
consumers, various factors need to be considered such
as the following aspects:
• Engineers aspects
• The chemical analysis
• The design and structure of building
Water supply layout should be planned for a long
period of at least between 20 and 30 years. Among
the factors to be considered when planning water
supply layout are:
• Population growth
• Industrial development
• Economic development
• Sources of water supply

4. MAIN SOURCES OF WATER SUPPLY
3 - SURFACE SOURCES:
1. Streams
2. Lakes
3. Ponds
4. Rivers
5. Reservoirs
2 - UNDERGROUND SOURCES:
• Springs
• Wells
• The main sources of water supply are from river, ponds Underground and etc. however, there
are also water taken from former mines and rain. The responsible party will treat the water
from the main sources before supply it to the consumers. This is to ensure that the quality of
water is free from contamination while ensuring the health and safety of consumers
• The water is a basic necessity of life such as for drinking. However, the consumption of water is
highly need for daily use such as bathing, cleaning, washing, cooking and watering plants, etc.
this includes the use for religious ritual, business and related activates. Water that has been
used will be channeled into the sewage system for treatment before being discharges into to
river. There are three main sources of water for supply purpose, namely:
1 - RAIN WATER

5. Water Supply Distribution Method

6. water main
Water authorities
stop valve
service pipe
Installed and maintained by
water authority
Installed and maintained by
building owner
Stop valve
chamber
760mm
(minimum)
Communication pipe
For building (Building Distribution system)
 At this level, water is conveyed from the street mains to the individual building, and then to the taps
and other fixtures.
 The supply from the main line to the individual is made through the house service connection. The
house service connection consists of two types:
Distribution System For Building
1. Communication pipe: The pipe which runs from the street mains/ municipal distribution/service
mains to the boundary of the premises.
2. Supply pipe: the pipe which runs inside the premises is called as supply pipe/consumer’s pipe.

7. Distribution System:
• For plumbing purposes, the term “multi-storey” is applied to buildings that are too tall to
be supplied throughout by the normal pressure in the public water mains. Water main
supply pressures of 8–12 meters (25– 40 feet) can supply a typical two-storey building, but
higher buildings may need pressure booster systems.
• In hilly areas, the drinking-water supply pressures will vary depending on the ground
elevation. In these cases, the water authority may have to specify areas where particular
supply pressures can be relied upon for the design and operation of buildings. Where a
building of three or more storeys is proposed a certificate should be obtained from the
drinking-water supply authority guaranteeing that the present and future public drinking-
water supply pressure will be adequate to serve the building. If the public water pressure is
inadequate, suitable means shall be provided within the building to boost the water
pressure.
Water Supply Systems
• Hot water system• Cold water system

8. Cold water supply is nothing but an external water supply.
However, cold water supply system can also use filter, water
softener appliances, or any other fixture. The connection for the
cold water system is done in such a way that other appliances
could receive it through fixtures and taps. Such appliances
include sinks, hot water heaters, faucets, bathtubs, showers etc.
COOL WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM

9. Calculating Cold Water Storage Requirements
Public Health Engineering gives data for calculating cold water storage requirements for various
buildings.
Table gives 24 hour storage requirements based on various fittings, e.g. Shower 140-230 litres, Bath 900
litres, WC 180 litres, Basin 90 litres, Sink 90-180 litres, Urinal 110 litres.
BS6700 (2006) also gives Recommended minimum
storage of cold water for domestic purposes (hot
and cold outlets)
Type of building
Storage per
person (L)
Dwelling houses and flats 90
Hostels 90
Hotels 140
Offices without canteens 40
Offices with canteens 45
Restaurants 10
Day schools 30
Boarding schools 90
Nurses homes and medical quarters 115

10. Direct Supply System

11. Indirect Supply System

12. Water Storage Tank

13. Multi-storey buildings can usually be divided into zones of water pressure control. The lower two to three
storeys can generally be supplied directly from the pressure in the public water main. Upper storeys,
usually in groups of five to eight storeys, can be supplied from pressure-boosted main risers through a
pressure reduction valve for each group. Systems can be up-fed or down-fed. Up-fed systems usually
originate from a pressure booster pump set or hydropneumatic tank in the basement of the building.
Down-fed systems usually originate from a rooftop gravity tank. Where a building is divided into water
pressure zones, care must be taken not to cross-connect the piping between two or more zones. This is a
particular problem when domestic hot water is recirculated from a central supply system.
Systems for boosting water pressure

14. Pressure-boosting systems can be of several different types:
• pumping from a ground level or basement gravity tank to a gravity roof tank;
• pumping from a gravity storage tank or public water main into a hydro-pneumatic pressure tank
that uses captive air pressure to provide adequate drinking-water supply pressure;
• installation of booster pump sets consisting of multiple staged pumps or variable speed pumps
that draw water directly from a gravity storage tank or the public water main. Multistage booster pump
sets typically include discharge pressure regulating valves to maintain a constant drinking-water supply
pressure.
Written approval should be obtained from the appropriate
authority before any pump or booster is connected to the
supply. Where booster pump sets are permitted to draw
directly from public water mains, the public drinking-water
supply must be adequate to meet the peak demands of all
buildings in the area. Otherwise, there is a high risk of
backflow and subsequent contamination of the mains from
buildings not equipped with a booster pump. Building
booster

15. A water pipe is any pipe or tube designed to transport
treated drinking water consumers. The varieties include large
diameter main pipes, which supply entire towns, smaller branch
lines that supply a street or group of buildings, or small
diameter pipes located within individual buildings. Materials
commonly used to construct water pipes include cast iron,
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), copper, steel or concrete.

16. Types of Pipes
Pipes come in several types and sizes. They can be divided into three main categories: metallic
pipes, cement pipes and plastic pipes.
1) Metallic pipes include
• Steel pipes : Steel pipes are comparatively expensive, but they are the strongest and most
durable of all water supply pipes. They can withstand high water pressure, come in
convenient (longer) lengths than most other pipes and thus incur lower
installation/transportation costs. They can also be easily welded.
• Galvanized iron pipes : Galvanized steel or iron is the traditional piping material in the
plumbing industry for the conveyance of water and wastewater. The use of galvanized steel
or iron as a conveyer for drinking water is problematic where water flow is slow or static for
periods of time because it causes rust from internal corrosion. Galvanized steel or iron piping
may also give an unpalatable taste and smell to the water conveyed under corrosive
conditions.
• Cast iron pipes : Cast iron pipes are quite stable and well suited for high water pressure.
However, cast iron pipes are heavy, which makes them unsuitable for inaccessible places due
to transportation problems. In addition, due to their weight they generally come in short
lengths increasing costs for layout and jointing.

17. 2) Cement pipes include
• Concrete cement pipes and Asbestos cement pipes : Concrete cement pipes are expensive but
non-corrosive by nature. Their advantage is that they are extremely strong and durable.
However, being bulky and heavy, they are harder and more costly to handle, install and
transport
3) Plastic pipes include
• Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes : PVC pipes are non-corrosive, extremely light and thus
easy to handle and transport. Still, they are strong and come in long lengths that lower
installation/transportation costs. However, they are prone to physical damage if exposed over
ground and become brittle when exposed to ultraviolet light. In addition to the problems
associated with the expansion and contraction of PVC, the material will soften and deform if
exposed to temperatures over 65 °C.
Cast Iron Pipes Steel PipesConcrete Cement and
Asbestos Cement Pipes
Plasticised Polyvinyl
Chloride (PVC) Pipes

18. Sizing procedure for supply pipes
(1) Assume a pipe diameter.
(2) Determine the flow rate:
(a) by using loading units;
(b) for continuous flows;
(c) obtain the design flow rate by adding (a) and (b).
(3) Determine the effective pipe length:
(d) work out the measured pipe length;
(e) work out the equivalent pipe length for fittings;
(f) work out the equivalent pipe length for draw-offs;
(g) obtain the effective pipe length by adding (d), (e) and (f).
(4) Calculate the permissible loss of head:
(h) determine the available head:
(i) determine the head loss per meter run through pipes;
(j) determine the head loss through fittings;
(k) calculate the permissible head loss.
(5) Determine the pipe diameter:
(l) decide whether the assumed pipe size will give
The procedure below is followed by an explanation of each step with
appropriate examples.

19. SLS 147:2013 cover rigid unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride pipes for potable cold
water supplies. The nominal sizes of uPVC Pipes are based on the outside
diameter of the pipes as per ISO requirements. The nominal size of uPVC pipes
and the approximate equivalent size in inches are :
Standard for uPVC Pipes
Injection Moulded Fittings
 Reducing Socket  Valve Socket Faucet Socket
 Elbows 45o  Equal Tee  Reducing Tee
 End cap
 Bend  union Elbows 90o
 Socket  cross slip

20.  PVC Ball Valves
 Pillar Tap
 Float Valves
 Gate Valve : These are also known as the gate valves or shut off valves or stop valves.
These valves control the flow of water and are helpful in dividing the water mains
into suitable sections. They are generally placed at a distance of about 150 m to
200 m and at all junctions. For long straight mains, the sluice valves can be
installed at a distance of about 1 km also to divide the pipe in different sections.
The installation of sluice valves is very much useful in case of intermittent system
of supply of water.
Water Supply Valve
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings , but are usually discussed
as a separate category.
 Air Valve
A Float valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a
hollow, perforated and pivoting ball (called a “Ball ball") to
control flow through it. It is open when the ball's hole is in line
with the flow and closed when it is pivoted 90-degrees by the
valve handle. The handle lies flat in alignment with the flow
when open, and is perpendicular to it when closed, making for
easy visual confirmation of the valve's status.

21. There are certain appliances that can be used to provide hot
water, such as water heaters. Cold water supply system supplies
a volume of water to such appliances, where they heat the
water and provide hot water.
HOT WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM

22. Hot Water Supply System
It is very widely used for certain sectors such as for high-end residential and commercial
buildings. Examples of areas that use hot water are as follows:
i. Medical
• Use in place for washing clothes, bed sheets, blankets and so on in order to
remove germs
• Use for the sterilization of medical equipment
• Use in study and research testing room, medical laboratory and chemistry
laboratory
ii. Manufacturing
• Use in palm oil mill where the hot water is used to steam oil palm fruit.
• Use in textile and dyeing industries for dipping, dyeing and washing clothes
• Used in food canning industry for food preparation.

23. Hot Water Heating Method
There are tow type water heating methods often used, namely;

24. Advantages of Solar Heating System
Disadvantages of Solar Heating System
• Safety - No gas leak, no dangerous explosion, no electricity mishaps.
Safe
• Savings - No electric bills, no gas bills – the product pays for itself.
• Convenient - Rain or shine. Enjoy a hot shower any time of the day.
•Additional roof top space is required to install the solar heater.
•Working of solar heaters depends up on abundance and availability of direct sun light.
•It heats only in day time, however if the storage tank is well insulated, heated water can be stored
and used even at night.
•It will not be very helpful in rainy season or foggy days.

25. Currently there are three main types of hot water systems in use;
• open vented
• unvented and
• Instantaneous.
Hot Water Supply System Method
1) Open vented hot water systems
This system uses many different parts to heat the water. It consists of a hot
water cylinder, a cold water storage cistern (tank), special pipework (known
as an open vent pipe), and a heat source to heat the water. There are two
types of open vented hot water; direct heating and indirect heating.
• Direct heating – the water is heated directly from the heat source either by
an immersion heater or by the boiler.
• Indirect heating – the central heating and the hot water are separate. The
water is heated via a coil (heat exchanger) from a boiler. This is done because
there is a set of radiators connected to the boiler, in this case water in the
central heating system slowly becomes contaminated by iron residues from
the radiators which would make the hot water unusable for washing.

26.  The cylinder - is the main part of the open vented hot water system; this is
where the hot water is heated. The heat can come from an immersion
heater, directly from a boiler or indirectly from a boiler using a coil fitted
inside the cylinder. Often the indirectly heated cylinders come with an
immersion heater back up in case of a boiler breakdown.
 The cylinder coil (heat exchanger) - is the tube that is often fitted to a
cylinder to heat up water using the water from the central heating system.
The pipe itself is coiled up inside the cylinder to give as much chance as
possible for the pipe to ‘touch’ the water in the cylinder and heat it up.
 The storage cistern - is the reservoir of cold water used to supply the
cylinder. This is always positioned above the cylinder to give a head of
pressure (to make the water flow out of the cylinder).
 The open vent pipe - is the main safety setup for an open vented hot
water system. It helps the system cope with the expansion of water in
the system. The open vent pipe should end in the storage cistern
allowing for the control of expansion of the hot water in the system.

27. The two
diagrams below
show the
general layout
of open vented
hot water
systems:

28. 2) Unvented hot water systems
These systems are far more complicated, and have many more parts to them but do allow near mains pressure hot
water supply. They are designed to do away with the storage cistern and operate at a much higher pressure than
the open vented system.
• Pressure reducing valve -
This is placed on the
incoming cold water main
pipe to the hot water
system to reduce the
water pressure slightly
and keep it at a constant
level of pressure.
• Line strainer - This is placed on the incoming cold
water main pipe to filter out any particles that
might come from the cold water system, because
of the sensitive nature of some of the
components (a small piece of grit could cause
them to malfunction), the strainer keeps them
clear.
• Expansion vessel - This is used to deal
with the expansion of the water in the
system as it is heated. As water gets
warmer it gets bigger, by up to 4% in
volume. The water has to go
somewhere, the expansion vessel is
designed to store this extra water and
stop the parts of the system bursting.
• Temperature and expansion relief valve - This
valve is also part of the ‘sealed’ heating system.
It is designed to remove pressure from the
system.
• The tundish - This is connected to the pipe
coming from the relief valve. This device is
placed in the pipeline to alert you to a fault in
the system, as you will be able to see the water
flowing out of the safety valve(s).

29. The diagram below
shows the general
layout of an unvented
hot water system:

30. 3) Instantaneous hot water heating systems
This method involves using gas or electricity to heat
the water to a useable temperature without the
need to store the water. The electric versions use a
coiled heating element to heat the water rapidly in
a similar way to a kettle or immersion heater.
The most common method to heat water is the use
of a combination boiler, this type of boiler works by
using the circuit that powers the central heating
and diverting it to another ‘water to water’ heat
exchanger (heat swapping). This part swaps out the
heat from the heating water to the hot water parts
of your home.
The boiler diagram below works by heating the
central heating water and pumping it around to the
diverter valve. This is then diverted from the central
heating circuit to go into the water to the heat
exchanger where it passes the heat from the
central heating water to the cold water coming into
the boiler.

32. PIPE AND MATERIALS
Choose carefully.
 Pipes are classified by their pressure rating at 20°C.
 For example, PN16 is rated for a pressure of 1600 kPa at 20°C.
 The allowable working pressure will decrease with temperature
 The working pressure and max. temperature vary with different materials.
Acceptable materials:-
 Copper pipe :- Copper pipes use as a transition/switch between a heat
source and distribution pipe. This allows heat
conducted down the pipe from the heat source (solar
panel or water storage cylinder).
 Polybutylene (PB) - if the temperature and pressure limitations of this
material are not exceeded by the system under normal operating conditions.
reasonable price , tolerate 100°C water for any significant length of time.
 Polyethylene (PEX) :- gives the following maximum allowable working temperatures and pressures:
• Central heating 300 kPa at 92°C
• Hot water 600 kPa at 65°C
• Cold water 1200 kPa at 20°C
• Cross-linked polyethylene can withstand 114°C
intermittently for short periods.

33. HOT WATER SYSTEM FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
 Floors are zoned
 The purpose of zoning is to maintain the pressure of the hot water supply
 Head tank improves the flow of hot water to the taps on the upper floors of each zone.
 Calorifier : A calorifier is an indirect-
fired water heater to provide hot
water. Essentially they are storage
water cylinders with single or twin
heat exchanger coils.
 Circulating pumps are often used to
circulate hot water so that a faucet
will provide hot water instantly upon
demand, or a short time after a user's
request for hot water. In regions where
water conservation issues are rising in
importance with rapidly expanding and
urbanizing populations local water
authorities offer rebates to
homeowners and builders that install a
circulator pump to save water.

34. MULTISTORY BUILDING
WASTE DISPOSAL.

35. ▪ Waste disposal in tall buildings poses its own unique set of challenges.
▪ Waste streams in high rise properties can be quite varied depending upon the use of the
building from recycled paper, to general and criteria waste.
▪ Method of waste collection in high rise building
 Crew can collect waste
 Waste taken to service area by tenants
 Tenants putting the waste in chute

36. ▪ Domestic refuse is rubbish from dwelling and other residential premises, some local authorities
include refuse from catering and other premises in this category.
▪ Commercial and trade refuse include some domestic rubbish but it mostly consists of by
product of businesses, for example paper waste from office stationary, cartons, catering waters,
and so on.
▪ Industrial refuse includes rabble from building operations, and agricultural and horticultural
waste materials produced by other industrials, some of which may be toxic, dangerous,
flammable or offensive.

37. ▪ Bins & Bags
 Cleaner will collect refuse bags from each floor using a bin that is pushed on a cart.
 The cart then taken down to the refuse chamber by a service lift.
 Condition of a service bay access allows rubbish truck to collect rubbish is
required.
 Bin center should be near to water source for easy washing and cleaning, either on
ground or sub basement floor.

38. ▪ Thought dustbin should be light enough to be carried
easily. Bins should be strong to withstand rough
handling and being banged on their sides and edges.

39. ▪ Turning circles for common refuse collection vehicle are give
below

40. BIN AREA
▪ In all type of building, the bin area should be well
ventilated and screened from the sun or powerful
smells may result. A dry firm base should be
provided and some form of cover is usually
necessary. Space should be provided for the
accommodation of an extra bin.

41. ▪ Chutes are commonest method of refuse disposal in high rise
building in overseas. If manage wisely this system will give
advantages but if not then it give problems.
▪ Must be on non combustible and their walls should be moisture
proof.
▪ Minimum internal diameter of 457mm in block over twelve
stories high to reduce the risk of blockage.

42. ▪ For sound insulation any wall separating a refuse Shute from
a habitable room must be a 27 inch brick wall. Kitchen and
storage room are not considered as habitable room.
▪ There must be access for inspection, cleaning and clearing of
chute after misuse.
▪ All access areas must be well ventilated and the chute must be
ventilated from top to bottom.

43. ▪ Rubbish is deposited in chutes through hoppers. It is best
located in naturally and mechanically ventilated public
lobbies with self-closing fire doors.
▪ Refuse collection containers on turntable at bottom of chute
▪ Precast refuse chute incorporating hoppers.

44. Main collection point
Individual collection point

46. SANITATION
 The World Health Organization states that:
"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human
urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving
sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across
communities. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through
services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.
 Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health
through prevention of human contact with the hazards of
wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage
waste water.
INTRODUCTION

47. ▪ For transporting sewage from houses & and commercial buildings, a separate underground
carriage system, called sanitary sewer , to treatment or disposal, is used.
▪ Sanitary sewers serving industrial areas also carry industrial wastewater. The 'system of
sewers' is called sewerage.
WATER SENITATION PROCESS

48. ▪ WATER SENITATION LAYOUT

49. Septic Tank
 In rural areas, where no sewer system is
provided people use a tank into the ground,
called Septic Tank.
 This tank has a storage limit, so time to time it
should be clean.

50. SANITARY APPLIANCES DESIGN REQUIREMENT
 A sanitary appliance design considerations are,
 Fouling area reduce to the minimum
 Durable
 Easy cleaning
 Non-absorbent surface
 Before starting to design the floor plan of any structure, the designer
needs to know the following information:-
a. Types of buildings :
i. Residential Building
ii. Public Building / Commercial / Office Building
b. Consumer

51. TYPES OF SANITARY APPLIANCES
 Fitting used for cleansing and disposing of waste
product, most sanitary appliances fall into two
groups:-
i. Waste appliances ( bidets, wash basins, sinks,
showers / baths tubs , drinking fountains )
ii. Soil appliances ( water closet, urinal ).
All sanitary appliances are made of non-absorbent, non-corroding, smooth and easily cleaned
material and usually made from ceramic ware, vitreous enameled cast iron, vitreous enameled pressed
steel, stainless steel or plastics (thermosetting and thermoplastic).

52. Soil and Waste Water Flowchart
BUILDING
SEWAGE
SOIL
DISCHARGE
WASTE
DISCHARGE
PIPING SYSTEM
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
TREATED WATER
ENVIRONMENT
WASTE FITTINGSOIL FITTING

53. PLUMBING SYSTEMS
OF
SANITARY APPLIANCES

54. Soil and waste Discharging Pipes
Discharge pipe consists of single stack, branching and vent pipe.
 stack pipe - installed vertically to ease discharge of soil and waste water.
 Branching pipe - connected from sanitary fitting with stack pipe.
 Vent pipe - released compressed air.
There are 3 systems employed in the installation of soil and waste water discharge pipes :-
i. Single stack system.
ii. Single pipe system.
iii. Dual pipe system.

55. Single Stack System
1. System where only 1 pipe is required and it does
not need vent pipe as it can function as vent
pipe.
2. Discharge in branching pipes for sanitary fitting
are transferred into single stack pipe.
3. The flow is then drained into the drainage pipe.
4. The system is appropriate for multi-storey
buildings.
5. Sanitary fitting should be installed near the single
stack pipe to reduce the length of the branching
pipe and minimum the sound of flow in the pipe.
6. The sanitary fitting should be connected to the
single stack pipe separately.
7. This system is easy to install.

56. Single Pipe System
1. Use only 1 pipe in collecting and
draining discharge.
2. All sanitary fittings are connected to 1
pipe only. Connection is made at the
branching pipe.
3. The single stack vent pipes release
compressed air that may have trapped
at the base of waste and wastewater
single stack pipe.
4. The vent branching pipe connects the
single stack vent pipe to the sanitary
fitting.
5. All sanitary fitting should be installed
near a main pipe.

57. Dual pipe System
1. This system uses 2 single stack pipes,
one for waste and the others is for soil.
2. Both of the single stack pipes have
individual ventilation system.
3. The waste discharge pipe drains
wastewater from the shower tray, WB
and bathtub.
4. The soil discharge pipe drains soil
water from the WC and urinal.
5. The single stack pipe is then connected
to the underground drainage pipe.
6. This system is suitable when the waste
fitting is located far from the waste
water fitting.
1.Require two types of pipe

58. ONE PIPE SYSTEM
Advantages
 Require lesser shaft/duct space.
 Highly economical in terms of cost.
 Quick to construct and commission.
 Fast becoming preferred system in other parts of
the world.
 High quality pipes, fittings and installation
techniques available these days.
Disadvantages
 Danger of back flow of sewage in waste fittings.
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES
No danger of backflow of sewage incase of
blockage of soil pipe.
Enables use of waste water directly for
irrigation/gardening.
DISADVANTAGES
Difficult to install in high rise.
Require more shaft/duct space(Require two types
of pipe).
Higher maintenance cost.
Blockage may occur in soil pipe

59. ONE PIPE SYSTEM UP TO 38 STORIES 100 MM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
SOIL
WASTE
UP TO 125 STOREYS
UP TO 62 STOREYS
100 MM
100 MM
SINGLE STACK SYSTEM UP TO 4 STOREYS
UP TO 15 STOREYS
100 MM
150 MM
HORIZONTAL PIPE
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
TWO PIPE SYSTEM
SOIL
WASTE
UP TO 13 STORIES
14- 52 STORIES
UP TO 40 STORIES
UP TO 20 STRORIES
100 MM
150 MM
100 MM
100 MM
Diameter of pipes

60. SUGGESTED SYSTEM SELECTION FOR DIFFERENT
TYPES OF BUILDINGS
SER NO. TYPE OF BLDG. TWO PIPE
SYSTEM
ONE PIPE
SYSTEM
SINGLE
STACK
SYSTEM
HOUSING
A ONE OR TWO STOREYED,
BUNGLOWS
Y Y Y
B. 3-4 STOREYED N Y Y
C. MULTISTOREYED Y Y N
HOSPITAL
D. 2/3 STOREYED FOR HOSPITAL
FIXTURES,
FOR TOILETS
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
E. MULTISTOREYED Y Y N

61. SER NO. TYPE OF BLDG. TWO PIPE
SYSTEM
ONE PIPE
SYSTEM
SINGLE STACK
SYSTEM
F. HOUSING, HOSTEL AND ADMIN BLDG.
FOR HOSPITAL
Y Y Y
HOTELS
G. 1/2 STOREYED , BUNGLOWS Y Y Y
H. 3-4 STOREYED N Y Y
I. MULTISTOREYED N Y N
OFFICE BUILDING
J. UP TO 6-8 FLOORS FOR HOSPITAL
FIXTURES,
FOR TOILETS
N Y Y
K. MULTISTOREYED N Y N
SYSTEMS MOST PREVALENT IN WORLD
 US - ONE PIPE SYSTEM
 US - ONE PIPE SYSTEM
 EUROPE - ONE PIPE SYSTEM
 INDIA - TWO PIPE MOSTLY

62. SANITARY APPLIANCES

63. SANITARY APPLIANCES
The following sanitary fitting are commonly used in buildings, for efficient collection and
removal to the house drain:
1. Wash basins
2. Sinks
3. Bath tubs
4. Water closets
5. Urinals
6. Flashing cisterns

64. WATER CLOSET

65. WATER CLOSET
 A water closet is a sanitary fitting which is designed to
receive human excreta directly and convey to the septic
tank or underground sewer through a trap.
 It is usually connected to a flushing cistern to flush the
closet and discharge the human excrete to the soil pipe.
The water closets are of three type :
1) Indian type
2) European type
3) Anglo- Indian type

66.  The pan shape has been developed from the earlier
long and short hopper types, to provide the minimum
of fouling area. They are designed to maintain a 50
mm minimum water seal.
 The outlet may be obtained left or right hand and also
‘P’ or ‘S’ as shown; it may be flushed from a high or
low level flushing cistern.
 The high-level cistern provides a more effective flush
compare to low level cistern.

67. Types of water closet

68. WATER CLOSET TRAPS
All plumbing fixtures have traps in their drains; these traps
are either internal or external to the fixtures.
 Traps are pipes which curve down then back up; they 'trap' a
small amount of water to create a water seal between the
ambient air space and the inside of the drain system.
This prevents sewer gas from entering buildings.

69. TRAP SEAL

70. DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRAP
There are three types of traps according to the shape
1. P-trap
2. Q-trap
3. S-trap

71. TYPES OF TRAPS ACCORDING TO THE USAGE PLACES
I. FLOOR TRAPS- It is provided in floor to collect used
water from floor of bathrooms, kitchen ,etc.
I. GULLY TRAPS- It is a deep seal trap which is provided on
external face of wall for disconnecting waste water
flowing from kitchen , bathrooms etc from main
drainage system.

72. I. INTERCEPTIVE TRAP- It is provided at junction of house
and streets drain to prevent entry of foul gases from
sewer in houses.
I. GREASE TRAP- It is used in restaurants and industries
producing large quantity of grease waste.

73. I. SILT TRAP- It is provided only where waste water carries large amount
of silt.

74. REASONS FOR LOSS OF
TRAP SEAL
 Evoporation
 Capillary action
 Momentum
 Leakege
 Waveing out
 Compression or Back pressure
RECOMMENDED DEPTH OF TRAP SEALS
WATER CLOSET - 50MM
FLOOR TRAPS - 50MM
FIXTURES CONNECTED DIRECTLY
TO THE STACK WITH BRANCH WASTE
PIPE 75MM DIA AND MORE
- 40MM
FIXTURES CONNECTED DIRECTLY WITH
BRANCH WASTE PIPE LESS THAN 75 MM
(ONE PIPE/TWO PIPE SYSTEM
-40MM
FIXTURES CONNECTED DIRECTLY WITH
BRANCH WASTE PIPE LESS THAN 75 MM
(SINGLE STACK/MODIFIED SYSTEM)
- 75MM

75. URINAL

76. URINAL
 They are designed to accept and dispose
of liquid human wastes only.
 The types of urinal are ceramic slab , stall
type and bowl type.
 The slab type is cheaper than the stall
type , but it does not provide the same
degree of privacy.
 The installation of ceramic bowl-type
urinal, which have less fouling area then
the slab and stall urinals.

77. SLAB URINAL STALL URINAL BOWL URINAL
TYPES OF URINAL

78. WASH BASIN

79. WASH BASIN  A wash basin is usually made of pottery
or white glazed earthware or enamelled
iron, etc. Sometimes, they are also
made of pressed steel or plastic.
 There are two types of wash basins - the
flat back and the angle back.
 An ordinary wash basin is mounted on
brackets fixed on wall. While a pedestal
type basin is mounted on pedestal rising
from wall. They are available in different
shapes and sizes.

80.  Standard sizes for flat back wash basins are
630 x 450 mm
550 x 400 mm
450 x 300 mm
 Standard sizes for angle back wash basins are
600 x 480 mm
400 x 400 mm
 It has oval shaped bowl. with overflow slot at the top, The waste
pipe with a metallic strainer is provided at the bottom of the bowl.

81. SINKS

82. SINK
 Sinks of all types are in wide use in a multitude of different
applications.
 Such as Surgeon’s scrub sinks, service sinks, lavatories sinks, bar sinks,
kitchen sink are just a few of the more common ones used in plumbing
systems.
 Sinks can be made of porcelain, stainless steel, plastic, fiberglass or any
other nonporous material.
 Sinks can be wall mounted, floor mounted, set into countertop or free
standing with legs.

83.  The mouth of outlet pipe is provided with grating of bras
or nickel so that the entry of coarse solid substances is
prevented.
 Common sizes of kitchen sinks:
600 x 400 x 150 mm
600 x 450 x 250 mm
750 x 450 x 250 mm
 Common sizes for laboratory sinks:
400 x 250 x 150 mm
450 x 300 x 150 mm
600 x 400 x 200 mm

84. BATHTUBS

85. BATHTUBS
 A sanitary appliance in which the human body can be
immersed and cleansed.
 Bath tubs are available in enameled cast iron, pressed steel or
in various types of plastics and acrylics.
 Bath tub should be fixed as low as possible to assist getting in
and out. The standard length of a rectangular bath tub is 1.7
m.
 The water supply may be pillar tabs or by a special fitting
incorporating a diverter and a shower.
 For domestic installations, the taps and supply pipes are 19
mm internal diameter, but for institutions these are
sometimes enlarge to 25 mm, to increase the speed of filling.

86. SHOWER

87. SHOWER
 A shower is a device for washing, typically
consisting of an enclosed area and an
overhead nozzle.
To use a shower a human stands in the
enclosed area while the nozzle sprays water
down on the body.
Showers are primarily used for hygiene
and washing purposes and are often installed
in bathrooms.

88. SHOWER TRAY
 A preformed tray that creates a
hob in the shower recess area.
 Size of shower tray :-
i. 915 mm x 915 mm x 178 mm
ii. 760 mm x 760 mm x 178 mm
iii. 610 mm x 610 mm x 178 mm

89. MATERIALS USE FOR SANITARY TOOLS MAKING
 The materials from which appliances are manufactured are depend upon the type of fitment
and the use of building into which it is to be installed.
 In general terms the material must be non – corroding, non-absorbent and easily cleaned.
Ceramics Popular material for such appliances as WCs, wash basins,
urinals, sinks, and shower trays. The term ceramic means a
substance made by firing clay. The strength and degree of
impermeability of the materials depends upon the
composition of the clay mixture and temperature at which
they are fired.

90. Glazed fireclay This produces a tough appliance which is resistant to knocks and hard wear.
Fireclay appliances such as urinals, sinks and W.C. pans are often used in schools
and factories.
Glazed stoneware This produces a tough appliance which is resistant to knocks and hard wear, but,
unlike earthenware and fireclay, the material is non-absorbent even when it is
unglazed. It is mainly used for channels, sinks and urinal stalls.

91. Vitreous China This lends itself to fine detail and good finish, but is not as strong as fireclay. The
material does not absorb water even when the glaze is broken, can be used to
manufacture almost all types of appliances, in various colors.
Glass-Reinforced
Polyester
This material is more expensive than acrylic plastic , but is much stronger. A good
gel coat finish is essential to protect the reinforcing fibers and various colors may
be obtained.

93.  The design of drainage system in high-rise building is complex and high integration work and the
success reveals the technical achievement of a country. Over the last four decades, this innovative
system has been installed in thousands of high-rise residential, office and hotel buildings all over the
world.
 The gravity drainage system without any energy supply is commonly used in building all over the world.
 In order to improve the drainage performance of existing high-rise building, investigation is necessary
and appropriate design technology of domestic application must be conducted. we should not ignore the
hidden troubles of building drainage.
 This versatile drainage system with the engineered design offers an economical and high-performance
alternative to conventional drainage systems.
 Through the presentation, we can see function of drainage system.

94.  Rain water harvesting – process of collecting, conveying & storing water from rainfall in an area for
beneficial use.
 Storage – in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage – ground water

95. If used for drinking, it is absolutely necessary to check water quality in a lap and treat as required.

96. Roof Rain Water Harvesting
Land based Rain Water Harvesting
Watershed based Rain Water harvesting
For Urban & Industrial Environment –
Roof & Land based RWH
Public, Private, Office & Industrial buildings
Pavements, Lawns, Gardens & other open spaces

97. Provides self-sufficiency to water supply
Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water
Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals
Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when
recharged
Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas
The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive &easy to
construct, operate and maintain
In desert, RWH only relief
In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water provides good quality
water

98.  A rainwater harvesting system comprises components of
various stages - transporting rainwater through pipes or
drains, filtration, and storage in tanks for reuse or recharge.
The common components of a rainwater harvesting system
involved in these stages are illustrated here.
 It is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop
harvesting, the roof becomes the catchments, and the
rainwater is collected from the roof of the house/building. It
can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge
system. This method is less expensive and very effective and
if implemented properly helps in augmenting the
groundwater level of the area

101. The catchment area is the first point of contact for rainfall. For the vast
majority of tank-based rainwater harvesting systems, the catchment area
is the roof surface. There are some important factors about the roof to
consider when planning for a RWH system:
 Roof Material – The material of the roof is not as important as
contaminants that may be on the roof. For landscape purposes, the
common asphalt shingle will work fine. If you are starting from
scratch, we recommend a metal roof because they easily shed
contaminants. In all cases, it’s important to avoid wood shingles or
metal flashing that contains lead.

102.  Slope – The slope of the roof affects how quickly water will runoff during
a rain event. A steep roof will shed runoff quickly and more easily clean
the roof of contamination. A less-steep, flatter roof will cause the water to
move more slowly, raising the potential for contamination to remain on the
catchment surface. The roof on the right has a steep slope followed by a
more gradual slope.

103.  Sizing a Catchment Area – The size of the catchment area or roof will
determine how much rainwater that you can harvest. The area is based on
the “footprint” of the roof, which can be calculated by finding the area of
the building and adding the area of the roof’s overhang. The image below
shows how differences in roof slope do not change this building’s
catchment area.

104.  To calculate how much rainwater that you can harvesting, use the
equation below more detailed computer calculator can be found at the
Calculators page.
Harvested =
water
Catchment ×
area(ft2)
Rainfall depth×
(in.)
0.623
conversion
factor
 The water that leaves the
rooftop may be 65 – 90% of
the water that falls on it
Roof material absorbs some
water, Evaporation losses,
More water loss if roof is
flat

105. Channels all around the edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport rainwater to the
storage tank. Gutters can be semi-circular or rectangular and could be made using:
 Locally available material such as plain galvanized iron sheet (20 to 22 gauge), folded
to required shapes.
 Semi-circular gutters of PVC material can be readily prepared by cutting those pipes
into two equal semi-circular channels.
 Bamboo or betel trunks cut vertically in half.
The size of the gutter should be according to the flow during the highest intensity rain. It
is advisable to make them 10 to 15 per cent oversize.
Gutters need to be supported so they do not sag or fall off when loaded with water. The
way in which gutters are fixed depends on the construction of the house; it is possible to
fix iron or timber brackets into the walls, but for houses having wider eaves, some method
of attachment to the rafters is necessary

106. "Hidden gutters" are easy to clean.
When installing gutters make sure that
there is a continuous slope towards the
downspouts, and that there is no
impediment to slow the flow of debris
into the downspouts. Areas where the
water can pool collect insects, organic
materials and bacteria. Think of a gutter
as a river - not a wetlands or swamp.

107. The decision to use gutter guard depends on the landscape
and the number and type of shedding trees in the area. It
keeps some debris out, but it also protects the debris that
collects in the gutter, from the sanitizing and self cleaning of
sun and wind.
In the Gulf Islands gutter guard is sometimes applied in the
spring and fall to protect against arbutus berries, leaves and
fir needles. The Rainwater Connection has done extensive
research on different types of gutter guard and provides
several choices.

108. Anything from chains to traditional aluminum
downspouts can be used to get the water down from
the gutters.
Sealed PVC piping is often used close to the ground,
and where the water needs to be transported
horizontally. This piping must be sized for good flows,
storm events, and easy cleaning.

109. The Rainwater Connection believes that a series of debris traps
and filters and necessary to clean the water as much as possible
before it enters storage. For agricultural water a small leaf trap
and cleanable pipe systems to catch the larger heavier debris may
be all that is required.
For potable water systems a series of leaf and debris traps are
used as the first step - leaf traps to capture the leaves, needles
and berries, and pipe "pigtails" collect the heavier black debris.

110. The Rainwater Collection has developed
several types of debris traps that work well
in local conditions.
The Rainwater Connection also uses some
of the German and Australian equipment.

111. Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the catchment or rooftop area to the
harvesting system. Conduits can be of any material like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or
galvanized iron (GI), materials that are commonly available.
The following table gives an idea about the diameter of pipe required for draining out
rainwater based on rainfall intensity and roof area:
Sizing of rainwater pipe for roof drainage
Diameter
Of pipe
(mm)
Average rate of rainfall in mm/h
50 75 100 125 150 200
50 13.4 8.9 6.6 5.3 4.4 3.3
65 24.1 16.0 12.0 9.6 8.0 6.0
75 40.8 27.0 20.4 16.3 13.6 10.2
100 85.4 57.0 42.7 34.2 28.5 21.3
125 -------- ----- 80.5 64.3 53.5 40.0
150 ------ ------- ------- ------ 83.6 62.7

112. For potable water systems the water is usually passed
through some form of fine mesh screen filter as a final
cleaning before entering the storage tank or cistern. These
filters would clog up too fast if used on their own, but as
part of a system they can significantly improve water quality
and reduce cistern cleaning.
Gravity mesh screen versions are used in gravity systems,
and can remove suspended particles as small as 150
microns. Even finer filtration can be achieved in a pumped
system.

113. The first flush diverter routes the first flow of water from the
catchment surface away from the storage tank. It is designed to
fill with contaminated water from a rain event and empty itself
over a 24 hour period so that it is ready for the next time it rains
This system is used in most parts of the world to improve water
quality for potable water systems.
First flush diverters ("FFD'S") have been shown to remove up
to 80% of the pollutants that collect on the roof or in the gutters
and become dissolved or suspended in the water. For example,
it removes much of the discoloration and acidity from contact
with cedar, arbutus and fir needle debris.

114. The amount of water to reject depends on a variety
of factors, including:
 Roof and gutter slope
 Roof material smoothness
 Rain intensity
 Preceding dry period
 Airborne pollutants (dust, smoke, auto exhaust)
 Tree debris

115. Where it is not possible or desirable for the roof water to
run by gravity to the cistern it is directed to a surge/pump
tank and is pumped to the cistern. The tank sizing depends
on the roof size, the pump size and the desired storage
capacity if/when the power fails.
It can be as small as 100 gallons and use a small oil free
submersible pump or it can be over 500 -1000 gallons and
the water can be pumped by a remote jet pump.
A simple wall hung catchment system with downspouts to
all-in-one debris pails, down into the first flush diverter
pipe (before backfill), and when the FFD pipe is full,
through the gravity filter and into the 150 gal surge/pump
tank. Note the surge tank overflow.
Oil-free submersible pump
Catchment System Example

116. Water storage is the heart of a rainwater system in the Mediterranean
climate of the Gulf islands and Vancouver Island.
Storage cisterns take many forms. As part of a design process it is
important to assess your particular needs and the site opportunities to
decide on the best option.
The most common storage tanks are the above ground molded
polyethylene tanks ranging in size from 300 to 3,000 gallons. These are
the least expensive alternative, but offer relatively little protection from
UV sunlight that can affect the quality of stored water.
Ensure good access for cleaning and avoid direct sunlight if possible.

117. Some polyethylene tanks can be partially buried to prevent sunlight penetration, or hidden
under decks. Examples show below:

118. Treatment of rainwater is often simpler than treating water from
wells or surface streams. Rainwater for indoor use requires a
filtration and disinfection system to remove such things as
parasites, bacteria, and virus from bird droppings, as well as
insects, and wind blown materials that are carried onto the roof.
Toxins leached from the roofing system can include heavy metals,
petroleum products, algae, moulds, and yeast. (Note that many of
these problems are also found in well water).
A rainwater disinfection system can be as simple as particle filters
and a UV light.

119. For added protection and water treatment a Bio Sand
filter can be used. This type of passive sand filter uses
very little water for its maintenance back flushing
process.

120. Planning ahead and careful design of a rainwater harvesting system will improve water
quality and save money in the long run - especially for new construction. The Rainwater
Connection works closely with their clients to ensure a sensitive design that balances the
need to:
 Collect as much water as possible
 Ensure good quality water
 Facilitate long term maintenance
 Fit the aesthetic requirements of the client
Rainwater harvesting systems require monthly and seasonal cleaning schedules to
optimize water quality. The Rainwater Connection offers Owner's Manuals, 1st year
monitoring of system, and annual maintenance contracts. Ease of operation and
maintenance is designed into every system.

121. THANK YOU
CHILDREN ARE QUICK AND ALWAYS SPEAK THEIR MINDS
Teacher: George Washington not only chopped down his father’s cherry tree, but also
admitted it. Now, Louis, do you know why his father didn’t punish him?
Louis: Because George still had the axe in his hand……