Pathology of Meningitis, CNS infections, increased cerebral pressure, brain herniations etc. for pre clinical medical students.

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3. Neck Stiffness: * Pathogenesis: Meningeal irritation.

4. Brudzinski Sign of Meningitis: * Pathogenesis: Meningeal irritation.

5. Kernig’s Sign of Meningitis: * Pathogenesis: Meningeal irritation.

6. Pathology of Meningitis Dr. Venaktesh M. Shashidhar Associate Professor & Head of Pathology

9. Septic Meningitis: common causes S. pneumoniae , N. meningitidis , Mycobacteria, Cryptococci Adults N. meningitidis , S. pneumoniae Children Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae Infants Group B Streptococci, Escherichia coli , Listeria monocytogenes Neonates Causes Age

10. Septic Meningitis

11. Septic Meningitis

12. Septic Meningitis

13. Septic Meningitis

14. Septic Meningitis

15. Septic Meningitis

16. Pneumococcal Meningitis: Retraction of dura reveals leptomeninges which are edematous and have multiple small hemorrhagic foci (red) note greenish pus covering brain.

17. Septic Meningitis

18. Septic Meningitis-Microscopy

19. Septic Meningitis-Spinal fluid

20. Septic Meningitis-Spinal fluid

21. Viral Meningitis: Perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes and Microglial nodules

22. HIV Meningoencephalitis: Perivascular Lymphocytes Microglial nodule and multinucleated giant cells

23. HIV Encephalitis: Perivascular lymphocytic cuff, Microglial nodule & Giant Cells.

24. Herpes Encephalitis: Destruction of inferior frontal and anterior temporal lobes – necrotizing inflammation

25. Septic Meningitis - Organisms Organism causing meningitis vary with the age of the patient

27. Brain Abscess: Cerebral abscess. Ring enhancement of developing pseudocapsules, budding of ‘daughter’ lesions, and marked hypodensity of adjacent white matter reflecting severe edema are all characteristic of cerebral abscesses on CT or MR study.

28. Brain Abscess:

29. Brain Abscess: CT Scan Ring enhancement. Surrounding area of inflammation & edema

30. Hydrocephalus:

31. Infarction Meningoencephalitis: Mucormycosis in a Diabetic.

32. CSF-Examination Norm Septic Viral TB Opalescent (cob-web) Low High > lymph Clear normal High > Lymph Turbid Low High > Poly Clear colorless 2.7-4.0 (n) 0.1-0.4(n) 0-4 lympho Appearance Glucose Protein Cells

37. Cryptococcal Encephalitis: Tiny refractile yeasts

38. Cryptococcal Meningitis: Special stains for cryptococci: PAS; Silver stain India Ink: Double refractile spherules with clear halo

40. Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis:

41. Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis:

43. Kernictirus:

44. Kernictirus:

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66. Pathology of: Raised Intracranial Pressure

70. Raised ICP: Clinical Features

73. Uncal herniation:

75. Tonsillar or Cerebellar coning:

76. Temporal / uncal coning: (CN3)

77. Temporal / uncal coning: (CN3/6)

78. Duret Hemorrhages: (Tonsillar Coning)