A timescale for the evolution of lice

A timescale for the evolution of lice Vincent S. Smith with Tom Ford, Kevin Johnson, Paul Johnson, Kazunori Yoshizawa, and Jessica E. Light

Louse phylogeny (eight years on…) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Amblycera Ischnocera Rhynchophthirina Anoplura [ “ Psocoptera” ] 68 spp. (15%) 18 Genera 1427 seq. +29 seq.* 1 spp. (33%) 1 Genus 12 seq. +3 seq.* 509 spp. (17%) 95 Genera 2264 seq. +285 seq.* 134 spp. (10%) 37 Genera 326 seq. +29 seq.* 286 spp. 113 Genera 1218 seq. +478 seq.* GENBANK (June 2011) *Change since Feb. 2010 http: //phylota .net/

Why deep branch louse phylogeny is important? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Wappler, Smith & Dalgleish First fossil louse Proc. R. Soc ., 2004. P s o c o p t e r a M e n a c a n t h u s / M e n o p o n - c o m p l e x R i c i n i d a e L a e m o b o t h r i i d a e B o o p i i d a e A u s t r o m e n o p o n - c o m p l e x D e n n y u s - c o m p l e x C o l p o c e p h a l u m - c o m p l e x ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Not fossil lice! “ Amblyceropsis indica” Kumar (2004) considered a mite by Dalgleish, Palma, Price, & Smith 2006 fused head and thorax (cephalothorax) “ Anopluropsis khatamaensis” Kumar (2004) considered an orbatid mite by Dalgleish, Palma, Price, & Smith 2006

Not fossil lice! Saurodectes vrsanski Rasnitsyn & Zherikhin (1999) “ insect of uncertain ordinal affinities” by Grimaldi and Engel 2005 & Dalgleish, Palma, Price, & Smith 2006 pterosaur louse !

Molecular dating ,[object Object],Character change

Molecular dating ,[object Object],= time

Molecular dating ,[object Object],[object Object],Now Age of lice

Molecular dating ,[object Object],[object Object],Rates of evolution vary Now Age of lice

Molecular dating ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Molecular dating ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Now Age of lice

Louse phylogeny Amblycera Ischnocera Anoplura Rhynchophthirina ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],- 4 chains, 10 million generations ,[object Object],louse phlogeny (Grimaldi & Engel 2006) 100 Ma min. Fossil Liposcelid booklouse 19.8 Ma min. Base of the Columbidae (fossil) (Benton 1993) Oldest fossil Diomedeidae- 37 - 53.25 Ma Oldest fossil Procellariform (Benton 1993) 49 Ma min. Oldest Pelicaniform fossil (Mayr 2002) 20 - 25 Ma Old World Monkeys & apes (Reed et al 2004) 5-7 Ma Chimpanzees & humans (Reed et al 2004) 4.75 - 30 Ma Last extant gopher fossil - (Russel 1968) gophers split from relatives 44 Ma min. (Wrappler et al 2004) Fossil Megamenopon louse

Louse phylogeny Fossil Louse (Wappler et al 2004) 44 Myr Fossil louse, Megamenopon

Louse phylogeny Dove-Louse Cospeciation (Benton 1993) 19.8 Myr Base of the Columbidae (fossil)

Louse phylogeny (Benton ed. 1993) 37 - 53 Ma Range for Diomedeidae based on fossils Albatross-Louse Cospeciation Hosts: Albatrosses Parasites: Feather Lice

Louse phylogeny (Reed et al 2004) 5-7 Ma Fossil & Molecular data Chimpanzee-human louse cospeciation

Louse phylogeny (Reed et al 2004) 20-25 Ma Fossil & Molecular data Old World Monkeys - Apes cospeciation

Louse phylogeny Amblycera 79 Ma (57-102 Ma) Ischnocera 98 Ma (74-125 Ma) Anoplura 74 Ma (53-98 Ma) Rhynchophthirina 0 100 Myr KT 105 161 130 Myr (Grimaldi & Engel 2006) 100 Ma min. Fossil Liposcelid booklouse 19.8 Ma min. Base of the Columbidae (fossil) (Benton 1993) Oldest fossil Diomedeidae- 37 - 53.25 Ma Oldest fossil Procellariform (Benton 1993) 49 Ma min. Oldest Pelicaniform fossil (Mayr 2002) 20 - 25 Ma Old World Monkeys & apes (Reed et al 2004) 5-7 Ma Chimpanzees & humans (Reed et al 2004) 4.75 - 30 Ma Last extant gopher fossil - (Russel 1968) gophers split from relatives 44 Ma min. (Wrappler et al 2004) Fossil Megamenopon louse

Louse phylogeny ,[object Object],a long shared history ,[object Object],parasitizing mammals ,[object Object],- 161 - 105 Ma, 95% conf. intervals ,[object Object],before the KT boundary Amblycera 79 Ma (57-102 Ma) Ischnocera 98 Ma (74-125 Ma) Anoplura 74 Ma (53-98 Ma) Rhynchophthirina 0 100 Myr KT 105 161 130 Myr

Host implications ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],What were the first louse hosts? Placental Mammals Marsupials Birds Did lice radiate with feathers? feathers hair

Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Press Smith et al 2011. Multiple lineages of lice pass through the K–Pg boundary. Biology Letters doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0105

A timescale for the evolution of lice

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A timescale for the evolution of lice