1. 1

2. 1. To discover the difference between organized
and unorganized sports.
2. To examine how amateur sports help local
communities.
3. To show the difference between collegiate and
professional sports.
4. To analyze various aspects of professional
sports.
5. To discuss the ethical and legal aspects of sports.
2

3. • Introduction to Sports
• Amateur Sports
• College Sports
• Professional Sports
3

4. 4

5. • Have set teams
– teams are defined as groups of individuals
who play together to accomplish a goal, such
as winning a game
• Play in organized leagues
– leagues are defined as groups of teams who
play the same sport by a certain set of rules
• rules are a set of guidelines given by a
governing body or higher power such as a
league commissioner
5

6. • Are loosely organized sports not regulated by a
governing body
• Often have undefined or unclear rules
• Examples include the following:
– street hockey
– pickup basketball
– bicycle riding
6
From the Playbook: Soccer is the number one sport in the
world by number of participants.

7. • Amateur
• College
• Professional
7

8. 8

9. • Include all sports leagues not
professional or collegiate
• Players do not receive money or
tuition for their effort
• Include high school sports
• Encompass most organized sports
leagues, such as a basketball
league at the local YMCA®
9
From the Playbook: Nearly 100,000 students play high school
basketball each year.

10. – baseball
– basketball
– golf
– gymnastics
– hockey
– ice skating
– football
– rodeo
– swimming
– skateboarding
– skiing/snowboarding
– soccer
– surfing
– tennis
– track and field
– wrestling
10
• Can include sports such as the following:
From the Playbook: Can you name any additional amateur sports?

11. • Benefit the community in the following ways:
– make the population more physically active
– increase the bond between citizens and business or
government officials who help facilitate amateur sports
– bring citizens together to support each other
– can build community pride
11
From the Playbook: The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) was created in
1988 in an effort to support amateur athletes who hoped to compete in
the Olympic Games. Despite several changes and opposition to the
organization, the AAU still sponsors the annual Junior Olympic Games.

12. • The American Youth Soccer Organization is a
nationwide non-profit organization promoting
youth soccer. The AYSO fosters
teamwork, good sportsmanship and positive
coaching for kids. Visit them online at
www.soccer.org.
12

13. • Also participate in a variety of recreational activities
• May join specific leagues or community-sponsored events
• Include a specific segment or market for sports advertisers
– examples could include:
• playing in an indoor soccer league
• participating in elderly couples swim class
• joining a bowling or softball league
• entering a golf tournament at a country club
• competing in a city triathlon
13

14. • Nearly 12.4 million people over the age of 65
engage in an organized sports activity at
least six times a year. Popular sports for
individuals ages 65 and over include
walking, fishing and swimming.
14

15. • Is defined as the practice of
pricing, promoting and placing of a
company’s products
• In amateur sports is often done by local
businesses
• For example, a local bank or construction
business might sponsor jerseys for a softball
team
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16. 16

17. • Are offered by colleges and universities
• Provide economic benefit to colleges and
universities
• Also provide benefits to the areas
surrounding the colleges and universities
17
From the Playbook: Approximately 3-5 percent of amateur
athletes will have the ability to compete at the collegiate level.

18. • Intramural sports
• Club sports
• School-sponsored athletics
18

19. • Are another example of an amateur sport
• Have rules setting them apart from being an
unorganized sport
• Athletes do not receive class credit for playing and
therefore are not classified as a collegiate sport
• Athletes are not paid, and therefore are not classified
as professional
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Athletes are defined as people who train for a specific sporting
event requiring a high amount of physical fitness.

20. • Can be defined as “sports played within the walls of a
school’s jurisdiction”
• Are structured to allow non college athletes to participate
in athletics
• Are usually organized to allow maximum participation for
all players
• May be offered for a limited number of college sports
and skill levels
20
From the Playbook: Would you allow a member of the college
women's soccer team to play intramural soccer?

21. • Example: University Intramural Basketball
Program
Leagues offered: Men, Women, Co-ed
League skill levels:
Competitive, Intermediate, Recreational
Divisions: Greek Division, Off-campus
Division, Residence Hall
21

22. • Include the following:
– men – an all male league
– women – an all female league
– co-ed – a league which includes men and
women, usually possessing requirements
concerning the ratio of men to women
22

23. • Include the following:
– competitive – the league with the most
advanced players
– intermediate – the league comprised of
moderately-skilled athletes
– recreational – the league usually consisting of
beginner athletes
23

24. • Include the following:
– Greek – teams are comprised of members
belonging to the same fraternity or sorority
– off-campus – teams are comprised of
members who do not live in a dormitory on
campus
– residence hall – teams are comprised of
members from the same dormitory
24

25. • Allows students of all ages and skill
levels to participate in athletics
• Promotes social networking and
fitness among students
• Expands the fan base for popular
college sports
25

26. • Are sports officially recognized by an institution’s athletic
department, but are not covered by student fees
• Often require official tryouts
• Must follow the required policies and procedures of the
school
• May consist of team or individual sports
• Are extremely competitive in nature
• Level of skill is higher than intramurals but less than
school-sponsored athletics
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27. • Are officially recognized by the college or
university
• Remain funded through the school’s athletic
department
• Come with high levels of media fan attention
• Are governed by the National Collegiate
Athletic Association® (NCAA®), National
Junior College Athletic Association®
(NJCAA®), or the National Association of
Intercollegiate Athletics® (NAIA®) 27

28. • Stands for National Collegiate Athletic
Association®
• Is the governing body of collegiate sports
• Governs competition and integrates college
athletics with academics
• Also aims to assist athletes in the pursuit of
higher education
28

29. • Regulates the following for collegiate athletes and
collegiate programs:
– ethical conduct
– employment regulations
– recruitment standards
– academic requirements
– awards, scholarships and benefits
– playing and practicing seasons
– rules enforcement
– division membership
29

30. • Offers three divisions of competition
– division I
– division II
– division III
• in general, larger schools compete in the upper
(division I) division while smaller schools
participate in division II and division III
30

31. • Is split into two classifications
– bowl subdivision
• requires the school to have at least 16 athletic
teams
– championship subdivision
• requires the school to have at least 14 athletic
teams
– bowl subdivision athletes are generally of a higher
caliber than those who compete at the championship
subdivision level
• Athletes may receive significant financial aid for playing
sports
31

32. • Requires the schools to have at least 10 athletic
teams to meet NCAA® regulations
• Athletes may receive financial aid for playing
sports but many also receive academic grants to
help pay tuition
• Athletes are generally of lower caliber than
athletes who compete at the division I level
32

33. • Requires the school to have at least 10
athletic teams
• Athletes receive no financial aid for playing
sports
• Athletes are generally of lower caliber than
athletes who compete at the division I or
division II level
33

34. • Stands for National Junior College Athletic
Association ®
• Is the national governing body for over 500
junior colleges in the United States
• Is separated into 24 regions
• Offers three divisions of athletic
competition in a variety of sports
34

35. • Stands for the National Association of Intercollegiate
Athletics®
• Is the national governing body for approximately 350
small-college sports programs in the United States
• Includes 300 member colleges and universities
• Is divided into 14 regions and offers 23 championships in
13 sports
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From the Playbook: The NAIA® was the first athletic
organization to include both black colleges and women in
national championships.

36. • College sports are divided into conferences
and divisions
• Conference and division titles vary for each
sport
• Most sports participate in a structured playoff
system to determine a national champion
36

37. • Are groups of teams competing against one another in a
variety of sports
• Are very similar to leagues
• Offer member schools a chance to compete for a
conference championship
• Are generally grouped by region
37
From the Playbook: Baseball has some of the lowest
attendance rates out of all college sports.

38. • Come in many different forms
– economic
– increase in student applications
– increase in school pride
38

39. • Include economic benefits provided by
collegiate sports
– For example, when Drake University
held the 2008 Track and Field National
Championships, many participants and
fans traveled from around the country
to view the event. Drake University and
the surrounding area of Des
Moines, Iowa received a significant
economic boost from people who
booked hotel rooms, rented cars and
ate and shopped in the surrounding
area. 39

40. • May increase if a collegiate team is victorious
– shows many students want to be part of an
exciting atmosphere
– also shows many students want to be part of a
“winning tradition”
40

41. • Can be increased if a collegiate team is
victorious
• Can also swell pride in the surrounding
civic area
• May cause individuals to buy more goods
with a collegiate team’s logo or name
41

42. • In college sports is big business, worth
millions of dollars per year
• Is usually handled by a university’s athletic
department
• Includes sponsorships such as
advertisements around a stadium
• Also includes licensing
42

43. • Is defined as the paid use of a logo or name to be
used for merchandise
• Is regulated in collegiate athletics by the NCAA®
• Brings in funding for both the individual colleges and
universities and the NCAA®
• Generates royalties, or money made off of licensing
– For example, say the University of Miami licenses their logo
to Under Armour®. Under Armour® then sells Under Armour®
shirts having the University of Miami logo on them. For every
shirt Under Armour® sells, they must pay a percentage of
what they make to the University of Miami.
43

44. • Have been supported by the NCAA® since 1981
• Have increased due to Title IX Legislation
– Congress enacted Title IX in 1972 to prohibit
discrimination in educational programs, including
collegiate athletics
– all federally-funded public schools are required to
follow Title IX
44
From the Playbook: Since the enactment of Title IX, female
collegiate athletic participation has risen 456%.

45. • May have led to the removal of many men’s
sports and the addition of many women’s
sports
• For example a university may cut men’s
baseball and create women’s rowing to
promote equality
– this has been very controversial in recent
years
45

46. 46

47. • Are sports where the athletes are paid for their
performance
• Provide an economic benefit to the home city
• Foster civic pride within a community
• Make up one of the fastest growing industries in the
United States
• Employs over 20,000 individuals
47
From the Playbook: Less than 2 percent of collegiate athletes
will have the ability to compete at the professional level.

48. • Are defined by the NCAA® as, “individuals who receive
any kind of payment, directly or indirectly, for athletic
participation except as permitted by the governing
legislation of the association”
• Are individuals who earn their living playing sports
• Receive payment for playing sports as well as by
advertising a company’s products through endorsements
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From the Playbook: An endorsement is a public figure’s
personal approval or support for a product or service. Tiger
Woods is one of the highest paid athletes due to his
endorsements.

49. • Divide franchises into conferences and divisions to
regulate game play and simplify scheduling
• Involve intensive management on all levels
• Include the following leagues
– National Football League®
– National Basketball Association®
– Major League Baseball ®
– National Hockey League®
– Major League Soccer®
– Arena Football League®
49

50. • Can mean different things to different parts of a
professional sports organization
• Owners generally find success in making money
• Managers or coaches measure success in winning
• Players find success in winning and reaching certain
statistical milestones paying them bonuses
– for example, a soccer player may have incentives, or
motivators, in his contract to score more goals
• Front office personnel such as marketing or public
relations might measure success based on fan
attendance
50
From the Playbook: Franchises are specific teams within a
league

51. • Are the venues in which sports are played
• Can be franchise-owned, sponsored or community
owned
• Have the ability to house multiple events or functions
• Create employment within the community
• Attract additional businesses such as
restaurants, hotels, etc.
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52. • Are spending limits affecting how much a team can
spend on a certain player
• Give teams limits on total player spending
• May also affect individual player spending based upon
factors such as years in the league and position
• Are mandated and regulated by the governing bodies of
major sporting leagues
• Affect the National Football League®, National Basketball
Association® and National Hockey League®
– does not affect Major League Baseball®
– Major League Baseball® is referred to as an
“uncapped” league
52

53. • Are contracts existing between the owners of a sport’s
league and the player’s association
• Contain rules for player salaries
• Also contain requirements for salary caps
• Free agency is the process by which players are
assigned a team; when a player is a “free agent” they
are free to negotiate with any team with whom they
wish to sign
• Defines the rules for free agency
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54. • Are unions joined by players
• Sign Collective Bargaining Agreements with
governing bodies of sports leagues
• Offer services such as salary negotiation and
player grievances
– a player grievance is a dispute a player has with the
league
• Strive for better player contracts with the league
– try to get more money for the players
• For example the Major League Baseball® Players
Association® (MLBPA) is a union for MLB® players
54

55. • Are stoppages of league play due to disagreements
between players unions and the governing bodies of
sports leagues
• Are defined by the governing bodies not agreeing to
the players association demands
– the governing bodies do not let the players “work”
• For example, the NFL® lockout of 2011 and NBA®
lockout of 2011 occurred when the players and
owners could not agree on Collective Bargaining
Agreements. Even the NFL® referees experienced a
lockout in 2012 when they could not agree with NFL®
owners on a Collective Bargaining Agreement.
55

56. • Are also stoppages of league play due to disagreements
between players unions and the governing bodies of
sports leagues
• Are defined by the players association not agreeing to
the governing bodies demands
– the players refuse to work under the agreement
• For example, Major League Baseball® underwent a
strike in 1994, and cancelled the World Series™ due to
continued disagreements between the MLBPA and MLB®
for a new Collective Bargaining Agreement
56

57. • Try to attract sports teams for their positive
economic impact
• Also try to attract sports teams to build civic
pride
• View the sports teams as advertising for the
city
57

58. • Is done by giving the team a new stadium
– stadiums are the most expensive cost of owning a
team
– stadiums are often built by passing stadium
taxes, which raise taxes for the local community
• Is also done by giving the sports team tax breaks to lure
them to a new location
58

59. • Successfully is a full time job
– small parts of city government must be
allocated to lure a team
• May be accomplished through two ways:
– league expansion: when the league adds
an additional team
– team relocation: when the league relocates
an existing team to an new location
59

60. • For example, Portland Oregon has been campaigning to
get a Major League Baseball® Team. The Oregon Sports
Authority, Portland Baseball Group and Oregon Baseball
Campaign have combined to form the Oregon Stadium
Campaign, a coalition of fans and business who want to
bring baseball to Oregon. Visit them online at:
www.oregonstadiumcampaign.com
60

61. • Usually requires the following:
– a vote of the existing franchises to admit the team
– a bid for the new franchise made by potential
owners and cities for the location
– contract negotiations with owners and location
– stadium construction or lease agreement
– creation of logos, team name and team colors, etc.
– recruitment of staff and players
61
From the Playbook: Teams which are added to leagues are
referred to as expansion teams since they expanded the league.

62. • National Football League®
– the most recent expansion team
in the NFL® is the Houston
Texans which began play in 2002
• Major League Baseball®
– the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and
Arizona Diamondbacks were
added in 1998
• National Basketball Association®
– Charlotte Bobcats were added in
2004
62

63. • Entails a league moving an existing franchise
to a new city
• Is determined by league owners and
managers
• Is usually targeted toward franchises with
financial problems
• Involves attracting a franchise to the
prospective city through competition
63

64. • National Football League®
– the Houston Oilers moved to
Nashville, Tennessee and became the
Tennessee Titans
• Major League Baseball®
– the Montreal Expos moved to Washington
D.C. and became the Washington Nationals
• National Basketball Association®
– the New Orleans Jazz moved to Salt Lake
City, Utah and became the Utah Jazz 64

65. • Are substances such as steroids or steroid based
compound which are taken to increase performance
• Are a prominent issue in all of sports
• Have been taken by many professional athletes
• Will be an especially large issue in future years as
money and media coverage of professional sports
increase
65
From the Playbook: Athletes who have been accused of using
performance enhancing drugs are Barry Bonds, Jason
Giambi, Gary Sheffield, Marion Jones, Justin Gatlin, Shawne
Merriman and many others.

66. • Is the wagering of money on a sporting event with an
uncertain outcome with the primary intent of winning
additional money
• Can involve athletes or referees “throwing” games
• Creates scandals and distrust from fans when it is
completed by athletes or referees
66
From the Playbook: Baseball player Pete Rose is banned from
the Baseball Hall of Fame due to gambling. Pete Rose has the
most career hits of any major league baseball player in history.

67. • Have increased in popularity and
attendance in the last ten years
• Include basketball, golf, tennis,
gymnastics, soccer, ice skating, etc.
• Have created an additional
marketing outlet for sports
manufacturers
– female athletes are now craving
custom-designed golf clubs,
soccer cleats, racing bikes,
sporting apparel, etc.
67
From the Playbook: Jackie Mitchell, a female baseball
pitcher, struck out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig in a 1931
exhibition game.

68. • Mildred "Babe" Didrickson
Zaharias (golf)
• Ann Meyers (basketball)
• Julie Krone (horse racing)
• Manon Rheaume (hockey)
• Cheryl Miller (basketball)
• Mary Lou Retton
(gymnastics)
• Venus and Serena
Williams (tennis)
• Sheryl Swoops
(basketball)
• Billy Jean King (tennis)
• Jackie Joyner-Kersee
(track)
• Annika Sorenstam (golf)
• Mia Hamm (Soccer)
• Janet Guthrie (auto racing)
• Danica Patrick (auto
racing)
68

69. • Vary in geographic popularity
– American football is not very popular in Asia
• Also includes the following leagues which we have not
discussed :
– Formula One Racing®
– Professional Golf Association®
– Women’s National Basketball Association®
– Ladies Professional Golf Association®
– NASCAR®
– Etc.
69

70. • In professional sports is worth billions of dollars
• Includes sponsorships such as advertisements on a
baseball field’s outfield wall
• Also includes money paid for naming rights to a
stadium, such as University of Phoenix Stadium, home
of the NFL®’s Arizona Cardinals
70
From the Playbook: Think of the last time you saw a professional
athlete endorsing a product on television. That is sports marketing in
action. Do you remember the product, the athlete or both?

71. 71
Amateur Sports Collegiate Sports Professional Sports
Help the local
economy
Build civic pride
Athletes receive
educational benefits
Make money off of
licensing
Play in designated
stadiums
Athletes receive
money
Teams have players
associations

72. • www.logoserver.com
• www.northernsun.org
• www.jewell.edu
• Amateur Sports
http://research.givingmatters.com
• NCAA® Membership Requirements
www.ncaa.org
• NCAA® Overview
www.ncaa.org
• What’s the difference between Divisions I, II and III?
www.ncaa.org
• NCAA® Member Conference Definition
www.ncaa.org
72

73. • Sacked admissions?
www.southbendtribune.com
• NCAA® March (Licensing) Madness
http://abcnews.go.com
• What Is NCAA® Football?
www.ncaafootball.com
• Sportslaw Jargon: Strike vs. Lockout
www.sportslawnews.com
• NCAA® Executive Committee Minutes
www1.ncaa.org
• www.msnbc.msn.com
• www.arenafootball.com
• www.ccsd.ca
• www.seniorjournal.com
73

74. • www.oursportscentral.com
• www.nba.com
• www.nba.com
• www.soccer.org
• http://naia.cstv.com
• www.indiana.edu
• www.drugfreesport.com
• www.womenssportsfoundation.org
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