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1. Diversity In Living Organisms
WAYNE FERNANDES

2. Types of Spices Diversity
• Point Diversity - This is diversity present on the smallest scale, i.e.,
the diversity of micro-habitat.
• Alpha Diversity – It is also known as local diversity and includes
variety of organisms local to a particular habitat.
• Gamma Diversity – It represents the diversity of a larger unit such
as an island or a landscape
• Epsilon Diversity – It is also called regional diversity and includes
total diversity of a group of gamma diversity areas.

3. Point Diversity, Alpha Diversity, Gamma
Diversity and Epsilon Diversity
Point Diversity Alpha Diversity
Gamma Diversity Epsilon Diversity

4. The Hierarchy of Classification
• Living organisms have been broadly classified into five main kingdoms.
• They are :-
i) Monera ii) Protista iii) Fungi iv) Plante v) Animalia
• Each kingdom has been further classified into smaller
sub - groups at various levels as :-
Kingdom
Phylum (for plants) / Division (for animals)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• By arranging organisms on the basis of hierarchy and characteristics
into smaller and smaller groups we arrive at the basic unit of
classification called species.

6. 5 Kingdoms

7. The Five Kingdom classification of living organisms
Organisms
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Monera
Unicellular
Protista
With cell wall
Do not perform
photosynthesis
Fungi
Able to perform
photosynthesis
Plantae
Multicellular
Without cell wall
Animalia

9. Protista
• They are eukaryotic, unicellular, mostly
aquatic
• Some have cilia or flagella which help them in
moving
• The mode of nutrition may be autotrophic or
heterotrophic.

10. Protozoan
Diatoms

12. Monera
• They are mostly prokaryotic, unicellular, do
not have a definite nucleus
• May or may not have cell wall
• The mode of nutrition is autotrophic or
heterotrophic.

13. Bacteria Cyanobacteria
Mycoplasma

15. Fungi
• These do not contain chlorophyll and hence
are heterotropic and have diverse modes of
nutrition.
• They may be saprophytic i.e., depending on
dead or decaying organic matter for their
food, or may be parasitic i.e., depending on
living organisms for their food .

16. Agaricus
Example of Fungi

17. Plant Kingdom

18. INTRODUCTION
• Every organism whether plant or animal is unique in itself.
There is a wide diversity in the flora (plants) and fauna
(animals) in the world.
• The diversity we see today is the result of 3.5 billion years of
organic evolution. During the course of this evolution several
species vanished from the surface of the Earth and became
extinct. It is estimated that more than fifty times the existing
species have become extinct.
• With such a vast number of organisms - both living and
extinct, it becomes impossible to study every one of them at
individual level.
• This task of studying the diversity of living organisms can be
made easier and more effective if the various organisms are
arranged in an orderly manner

19. Plant kingdom
PLANT KINGDOM
CRYPTOGAMAE
THALOPHYTA
ALGAE
FUNGI
LICHENS
BRYOPHYTA PTERIDOPHYTA
PHANEROGAMAE
GYMNOSPERM ANGIOSPERM
MONOCOT
DICOT

20. (i)THALLOPHYTA
• The plant body is not differentiated into stem,
root and leaves but is in the form of an
undivided thallus.
• Vascular tissues are absent.
• The reproductive organs are single-celled and
there is no embryo formation after
fertilization.
• This division includes three sub-divisions:
algae, fungi and lichens.

21. Chara

22. (ii)BRYOPHYTA
• Bryophyta is a traditional name used to refer to
all embyophytes (land plants) that do not have
true vascular tissue and are therefore called 'non-
vascular plants'.
• Some bryophytes do have specialized tissues for the
transport of water; however since these do not
contain lignin, they are not considered to be true
vascular tissue.
• Currently bryophytes are thought not to be a natural
or monophyletic group; however the name is
convenient and remains in use as a collective term
for mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.

23. • Bryophytes produce enclosed reproductive
structures (gametangia and sporangia), but
they produce neither flowers nor seeds,
reproducing via spores.
• The term bryophyte comes
from Greek βρύον - bryon, "tree-moss, oyster-
green" + φυτόν - fyton "plant".

24. Moss
Marchantia
Marchantia (Liverwort)

25. (iii)PTERIDOPHYTAS
• The Pteridophytes are vascular plants (plants
with xylem and phloem) that produce
neither flowers nor seeds, and are hence
called vascular cryptogams.
• Instead, they reproduce and disperse only
via spores.
• Pteridophytes include horsetails, ferns, club
mosses, and quillworts.
• They are used for medicinal purposes, as soil -
binders, and are frequently planted
as ornamentals.

26. Pteridophyte classification
• They do not form a monophyletic group but is
often taken to consist of two groups:
• The Lycopodiophyta (club mosses, spike mosses,
and quillworts),
• "Monilophytes":
– Marattioid ferns,
– Equisetophyta (horsetails),
– Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
and Ophioglossophyta (adder's tongues and grape
ferns),
– Leptosporangiate ferns (the largest group of ferns).

27. Example of Pteridophyte

28. PHANEROGAMAE
• This division is made up of plants that bear flowers
and seeds and make up the majority of the larger
plants. The body is differentiated into true stem,
leaves and roots.
• Propagation of the plant takes place with the help of
seeds.
• Seeds are formed as a result of sexual reproduction.
The male and female gametes fuse together inside
the ovary and develop into the seed.
• In some plants seed is not produced inside an ovary.
Phanerogamae is made into two further divisions.-
(i)Gymnosperms (naked seeded plants)
(ii) Angiosperms (Seed born within a fruit)

29. (i) GYMNOSPERMAE
• The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing
plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo,
and Gnetales.
• The term "gymnosperm" comes from
the Greek word gymnosperms (γυμνόσπερμος),
meaning "naked seeds", after the unenclosed
condition of their seeds.
• Their naked condition stands in contrast to the
seeds and ovules of flowering plants
(angiosperms), which are enclosed within an
ovary.

30. • Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the
surface of scales or leaves, often modified to
form cones, or at the end of short stalks as in
(Ginkgo).

31. Pines Cycas
Example of Gymnosperm

32. (ii) ANGIOSPERME
• This group constitutes the largest group of plants.
Seeds are produced inside an ovary which later
becomes the fruit. These are highly evolved group of
plants. The plant body is distinctly differentiated into
roots, stem and leaves.
• Based on the number of cotyledons (seed-leaves)
that form the seed this group is divided into:
• Monocotyledons (One seed leaf)
Example: Rice, Wheat
• Dicotyledons (two seed leaves)
Example: Beans, Mango
Example of Angiosperm, Monocot & Dicot plants on
next slide-

33. Angiosperm, Monocot & Dicot
plants
Bud of pink rose

35. Animalia Kingdom
• Animals are divided into ten groups & they are :-
i. Porifera
ii. Coelenterate
iii. Platyhelminthes
iv. Nematoda
v. Annelid
vi. Arthropoda
vii. Mollusca
viii.Echinodermata
ix. Protochordata
x. Vertebrata

36. ANIMALIA
PORIFERA
COELENTER
ATA
PLATYHELM
I-NTHES
NEMATODA ANNELIDA
ARTHROPOD
A
MOLLUSCA
PROTOCHOR
D-ATA
VERTEBRAT
A
PISCES
AMPHIBIA
REPTILA
AVES
MAMMALIA
Animal kingdom

37. (i)Porifera
• This word means organisms with holes.
• These are Non-motile animals attached to some
solid supports.
• There are pores ,all over the body. These lead to
a canal system that helps in circulating water
throughout the body to bring in food and
oxygen(O2).
• The body design involves very minimal
differentiation and division into tissues.
• They are commonly called ‘Sponges’ and mainly
found in marine habitats.

38. Example of Porifera

39. (ii)Coelentrata
• Two layered body which is radically symmetrical
• Aquatic in habitat which includes both fresh
water and marine
• The outer layer has tentacles armed with
stinging cells cnidoblasts which can release
venom into the victim. The inner layer encloses a
body cavity called gastro vascular cavity
• Animals in this group exist in two types of
individuals called zooids - polyps and medusae.
Polyps are fixed and lead solitary or colonial life,
while medusae are free swimming

40. • Alternation of generation takes place in colonial
forms. Polyps and medusae alternate with each
other during the life cycle
• Reproduction is usually asexual i.e., by budding in
the polyp form and sexual in medusa form
• Exoskeleton made of lime is found in corals

41. Jellyfish
Sea anemone

42. (iii)PLATYHELMINTHES
• Simplest triploblastic organisms showing
bilateral symmetry
• Mostly parasites in other animals
• Body in dorsoventrally flat and leaf-like or
ribbon-like with bilateral symmetry
• The body cavity has only one opening which
serves as both the mouth and the anus
• Hermaphrodites i.e, male and female sex
organs present in one individual
Example of Platyhelminthes on next silide-

43. Tape worm

44. • They have cylindrical body.
• The body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
• They do not have true body cavity.
• They have tissues but no real organs.
• They are parasitic.

45. Ascaris
Wuchereria
Example of Nematoda

46. (v)ANNELIDA
• Occur in moist soil, fresh water and sea
• Body is soft and segmented, triploblastic with
bilateral symmetry
• First animal with the coelom (body cavity)
• Body is covered by a non-chintinous cuticle
which may have chitinous setae, or parapodia
• Reproduction is generally sexual, but some may
reproduce asexually by rejuvination i.e, by
regrowing broken segments
Example Annelid on next silide-

47. Earthworm

48. (vi)Arthropoda (Joint legged)
• They have bilaterally symmetrical body.
• The body is segmented.
• They have an open circulatory system
• The body cavity is filled with blood.
• They have jointed legs.

49. Prawn
Spider
Scorpion
Example of Arthropoda

50. (vii)Mollusca
• They have bilateral symmetry.
• The coelomic cavity is reduced.
• There is little segmentation.
• They have open circulatory system and kidney
like organs for excretion.
• They have feet for moving around.

51. Chiton
Octopus
Examples of
Mollusca

52. (viii)Echinodermata (Spiny skinned)
• They are spiny skinned organisms.
• They are free living marine animals.
• They are triploblastic and have coelomic
cavity.
• The have water filled tube feet which help in
movement.
• They have hard skeleton made of calcium
carbonate.

53. Star fish
Sea urchin
Sea cucumber
Example of Echinodermata

54. (ix)Protochordata
• They have bilateral symmetry and are
triploblastic.
• The have coelomic cavity.
• The have a notochord which is a long rod-like
structure along its back to which muscles are
attached and help in movement.

55. Amphioxus
Herdemania
Example of
Protochordata

56. (x)Vertebrata (Vertebrates)
• They have vertebral column and internal skeleton.
• They have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic.
• They have coelomic cavity.
• Their body is differentiated into tissues and organs.
• Their body consists of four regions – head, neck,
trunk and tail.
• They have two pairs of fins or limbs.
• The respiration in aquatic forms is by gills and in land
forms respiration is by lungs.

57. • Vertebrates are grouped into five classes.
They are :-
Vertebrates
Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammilla

58. (i) Pisces (Fishes)
• They are fishes living in water. Their skin is covered with
scales or plates & they respire using gills.
• They have streamlined body and fins which help them to
move in water.
• They are cold blooded and their heart has only two
chambers.
• They lay eggs from which the young ones hatch out.
• Some fishes have skeleton made of cartilage like Sharks,
Rays etc. and some have skeleton made of bones and
cartilage like Tuna, Rohu etc.

59. Shark
Tuna
Rohu

60. (ii)Amphibia (Amphibians)
• They are found in land and water.
• They do not have scales but have mucous glands on
their skin.
• They are cold blooded and the heart is three
chambered.
• Respiration is through gills or lungs.
• They lay eggs in water.

61. Frog
Toad
Salamander

62. (iii) Reptilia (Reptiles)
• They have scales and breathe through lungs.
• They are cold blooded.
• Most of them have three chambered heart
but crocodiles have four chambered heart.
• They lay eggs with hard covering in water.
Example of Reptilia on next slide-

63. Snake
Lizard
Crocodile

64. (iv) Aves (Birds)
• They are warm blooded animals.
• They have four chambered heart.
• They breathe through lungs.
• They have an outer covering of feathers.
• Their two fore limbs are modified into wings
for flying.
• They lay eggs.

65. Crow
Stork
Ostrich

66. (v) Mammalia (Mammals)
• They are warm blooded animals.
• They have four chambered heart.
• They have mammary glands for production of
milk to nourish their young ones.
• The skin has hairs and sweat glands.
• Most of them give birth to their young ones.
• Some of them lay eggs (like Platypus and
Echidna).