High blood pressure: key facts and interventions
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High blood pressure is preventable, and can be countered by reducing salt intake, eating a balanced diet, avoiding the harmful use of alcohol, taking regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy body weight and avoiding tobacco use. This presentation provides key facts about high blood pressure and how it can be managed.
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High blood pressure: key facts and interventions
- 2. What is high blood pressure? • A blood pressure reading above 130/80 mmHg is considered high. High blood pressure is commonly an asymptomatic condition, often known as “the silent killer”. • Blood pressure measurements indicate how strongly blood presses against arterial walls as it is pumped around the body by the heart. • Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury (mmHg) and is recorded in two readings, systolic over diastolic. Systolic refers to the pressure of the blood when the heart beats to pump it out. Diastolic refers to the pressure of the blood when the heart rests in between beats.
- 3. Key facts on high blood pressure • Affects one in three adults worldwide • Affects men more than women • Affects poorer populations more than others • Is implicated in 13% of deaths worldwide • Is identified in WHO’s Health 2020 policy as one of the WHO European Region’s major contributors to disease
- 4. Why high blood pressure is a public health concern • High blood pressure strains the arteries and heart raising the probability of heart attack, stroke and kidney disease. • High blood pressure can lead to hypertension. • Hypertension is diagnosed if readings on separate occasions consistently show blood pressure to be 140/90 mmHg or higher. • Hypertension is identified as the world’s most prevalent preventable disease in WHO’s Health 2020 policy.
- 7. Prevalence of the population with high blood pressure (in %) in the WHO European Region in 2008
- 8. Intervention before hypertension sets in Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva, WHO, 2009.
- 9. Risk factors for high blood pressure • A diet high in saturated fat • Excessive salt consumption • Overweight and obesity • A sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise • Alcohol consumption • A family history of high blood pressure • Being over 65 years of age • Co-morbidities such as diabetes
- 10. Manage high blood pressure by: • eating a healthy diet • reducing salt intake • exercising regularly • stopping smoking • reducing alcohol consumption • having regular blood pressure checks
- 11. The WHO response The WHO Health 2020 policy identifies high blood pressure as a major contributor to disease, and hypertension as the world’s most prevalent preventable disease. High blood pressure is the theme of World Health Day 2013, with a particular emphasis on reducing dietary salt intake.
- 12. WHO’s current European policy Priority interventions of the action plan for noncommunicable diseases 2012-2016 include: • promotion of a healthy diet through marketing and fiscal measures • elimination of trans fats • salt reduction • cardio-metabolic risk reduction assessment and management • promotion of physical activity and mobility
- 13. Key interventions • Encourage regular blood pressure checks • Encourage patients to be aware of their individual risks • Establish effective tools for early identification, management and control • Promote physical activity, dietary improvement and salt reduction • Provide low-cost antihypertensive medication • Set target for mean blood pressure reduction levels across populations
Notas del editor
- There are numerous factors that affect blood pressure in a healthy state such as: Cardiac output, total blood volume, Compliance and Elasticity of blood vessels.
- Source WHO, “Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks.,” World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009 At young ages, hypertension is more prevalent in males compared to females; and in older ages, it is more prevalent amongst women compared to men Men’s greater exposure to risk factors comes from: tobacco and harmful use of alcohol; their lower use of preventative health care; and weaker social ties relative to women – however women are becoming increasingly exposed to such factorsThe poorest people in low- and middle-income countries are affected most. At the household level, sufficient evidence is emerging to prove that CVDs and other non-communicable diseases contribute to poverty due to catastrophic health spending and high out-of-pocket expenditure.
- Causes 7.5 million deaths each year, or 13% of all deaths, globally. The World Health Report 2002 estimates that over 50% of coronary heart disease and almost 75% of stroke in developed countries is due to systolic blood pressure levels over the theoretical minimum (115mmHg).
- Prevalence of hypertension increases across all age groups throughout all regions. 29.2% of adults are projected to have hypertension by 2025 (29.0% of men and 29.5% of women respectively).
- Men are more affected than women(29.0% of men and 29.5% of women respectively have hypertension).
- Globally, the overall prevalence of raised blood pressure in adults aged 25 and over was around 40% in 2008. The graph shows the great variance in prevalence of raised blood pressure in adults in the European Region with a large number of countries going above the 40% global average.(http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/bloo_pressure_prevalence_text/en/index.html)
- A large proportion of the population have high blood pressure but are not considered to be hypertensive (systolic blood pressure of more than 140mmHg). This group faces a raised health risk and, because it is a much larger group, there may be more blood pressure related deaths in this cohort than in the section of society classed as hypertensive. This shows the importance of individuals being aware of their blood pressure and taking steps to reduce it even though they are not hypertensive.graph from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_full.pdf page 4
- A wide range of factors contribute to raised blood pressure Diet high in saturated fatExcessive salt consumptionOverweight and obesitySedentary lifestyle and lack of exerciseExcessive alcohol consumptionSmokingUn-managed stressFamily history of raised blood pressureBeing over 65 years oldCo-morbidities such as diabetes
- A healthy diet entails reducing salt intake to less than 5g/person/day, replacing trans fats with polyunsaturated fats in processed foods, and reduce fat consumption.In addition, promoting increased physical activity through daily activities and improved support or health in the school and workplace setting contribute to lowering blood pressure in the population.It should be a public health policy aim to increase the identification and treatment of at risk raised blood pressure patients.
- In high-income countries, widespread diagnosis and treatment with low-cost medication have significantly reduced mean blood pressure across populations – and this has contributed to a reduction in deaths from heart disease. With populations aware of their blood pressure measurement and the steps which can reduce it, significant advances can be made at low cost to reduce blood pressure across populations.