This document discusses the problems caused by conventional milking machines and how the CoPulsation milking system addresses these issues. It summarizes research showing that conventional pulsation forces bacteria up the teat canal, increasing new infections, while CoPulsation's gentle massage action eliminates this risk. Performance data indicates CoPulsation reduces mastitis, improves teat and udder health, increases production and reduces cull rates.

1. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 1
CoPulsation
tm
Milking System
The only humane way to milk a dairy animal with a machine
Ferdinand Veenstra
Dairy Solutions
www.dairysolutions.nl/
www.CoPulsation.com www.Facebook.com/CoPulsation
ferdinand@dairysolutions.nl
CoPulsation is a trademark of LR Gehm LLC

2. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Mastitis – Root Cause
• Bacteria responsible for udder infections
• Milking machine is the delivery system
– Core of the milking machine (liner, pulsation) provide
the cow to milking system interface
– The design and performance of milking system effect
teat condition, milking action and cow behavior
– Evidence proves that an incorrectly designed milking
system significantly increases mastitis
• Creates environment for bacteria to enter the teat sinus and
udder
2

3. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Milking Machine – Delivery System
• Dr. Derek Forbes research proves liner pinch forces bacteria up teat
sinus
• Cornell University research proves conventional pulsation causes 16X
more Staph aureus infections than CoPulsation
• Dr. Sybren Reitsma shows short D phase increases new infections
• Teagasc proves teats swollen and injured by conventional milking
machines
• More claw vacuum fluctuation events with alternating and sequential
pulsation
• “the milking machine is one of the best washing machine ever built,
the teats are bathed with milk during the milking process” – Dr. Andy
Johnson: 2000 NMC Annual Meeting
• Atlantic Vet College research shows >23% of teats not sealed 6 weeks
after dry off
3

4. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Dr. Forbes Research
• Milk samples extracted from teat end
and directly from teat sinus
• Bacteria present in teat end for many
days – no mastitis
• Teat end pinched by liner – forced
bacteria up sinus causing new
infection
• The pinching action of conventional
milking machines can be felt with
your fingers in the liner
4

5. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Cornell University Research
• Compared GEA to CoPulsation
• 30 best cows from CU herd
selected
• 15 cows in each group milked 6
months and switched
• First group milked by
CoPulsation started with 5 Staph
A cases caused by GEA
• Final result: 1 new Staph A
infection with CoPulsation and
16 new infections with GEA
• Supports Forbes research
• Study duration to short for teat
health improvement based on
averages
5
.02 new IMI per 100 d .31 new IMI per 100 d
.31/.02 = 16 16X MORE NEW INFECTIONS with conventional

6. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Reitsma Research – D duration
• Compared infection rates for
different liner closure (D phase)
durations
• Short D phase causes more
infections
Consider the following:
• Anatomy of teat and time for blood
recirculation requires D phase of .4
to .5 seconds
• Example: tightly squeeze your
forearm, release and note time it
takes for redness to go away
6

7. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Teagasc Research
• Research at Teagasc in Ireland
proves conventional milking
machines cause teat swelling
and teat sinus injury
• Evidence that conventional
milking machines cause the teat
to swell (congestion) while
milking and experience
physical damage to the teat
canal and teat sinus
7

8. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Simultaneous vs. Alternating Pulsation
• 2X more vacuum fluctuation events with alternating
• Claw vacuum fluctuation during milking interrupts
milk flow and causes backwash
• Alternating originally designed to allow front
quarters to milk 50:50 and rear 60:40 and never
reduced mastitis as claimed – no one uses alternating
pulsation as originally intended
• Claw vacuum stability with simultaneous is as good
or better than alternating with proper venting and
claw volume
8

9. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Objective Observations
• Many facts can be visually observed proving that
conventional milking machines cause physical harm, pain
and result in high rates in new infections
– Teats soaked in milk – backwash
– Teats swollen and reddened
– Teat sinus injury – lightly pinch and roll teat end and fell scar
tissue within teat
– Milk flow never stops during the rest phase, it only slows down
– Feel pinching action of liner with your finger
9
Abundant research and observations exist to support the fact that conventional
milking machines are the delivery system for bacteria causing the conventional
milking system to be responsible for new infections

10. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Dairy Industry has focused on the
bacteria and cleanliness to solve mastitis
• Impact: US cull rate doubled in 50 years
• Average US dairy cow production life = 1,8
lactations
Replacement Rate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1960
1963
1966
1969
1972
1975
1978
1981
1984
1987
1990
1993
1996
1999
2002
2005
2008
Year
PercentReplaced
Growing herd size,
conventional milking
machines and following
the NMC 5-step process
has resulted in a cull
rate of nearly 50%

11. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
CoPulsation – Eliminates the
delivery system
• The CoPulsation Milking System solves the
problems created by conventional milking
machines
– Simultaneous pulsation with a long D phase
– Eliminates liner pinch
– Eliminates backwash
– Eliminates teat swelling, injury and pain
– Provides a true rest phase with no milk flow
11

12. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Conventional Pulsation
Fresh air enters top
A and C phase: 120 to 160 millisecond range
High restriction to fresh air flow

13. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
CoPulsation
A and C phase: 40 to 60 millisecond range
Eliminates restriction to fresh air flow

14. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Performance Difference
Liner crawl
Pinched teat
Milk flow
Vacuum pull
No liner crawl
Massaged teat
No vacuum
No milk flow
Rest Phase
Comparison
Conventional CoPulsation
Healthy teat canalTeat canal stressed and
damaged with scar tissue

15. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Conventional Milking Machine Reverse
Milking Action
• Research by Dr Derek Forbes
demonstrated that the pinching
action forces non-motile
bacteria up the teat canal
• New infections result
• Liner pinch can be felt with
your finger
Bacteria forced up

16. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
CoPulsation – Gentle Massage
• Liner closes about full
length of teat
• Eliminates pinch
• Provide gentle
compressive massage
– similar to calf or
hand milking action

17. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 17
Recognize Damage of Conventional
Milking Machines
Cow at Eurotier 10
Cow featured in ad for
California Dairy
From website for conventional milking machine company
Boumatic Advertisement – udder damage obvious

18. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Evidence of performance
difference with CoPulsationtm
• Change in liner wear
• No teat swelling
• No teat wetting
• Improved teat end health
• Reduced SCC
• Increased production
• Increased duration of peak flow rate

19. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Summary
• Significant proof exists showing that conventional milking
machines are the delivery system for mastitis
• CoPulsation solves every problem caused by conventional
milking machines
• Quality milk, low antibiotic use and low cull rates can only
be achieved with CoPulsation
• It is important that the other parts of the milking facility be
correct – vacuum regulation, detacher settings, pipe size
and design
– Milk must flow freely from the cow
– Vacuum supply must be proper and consistent
19

20. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Lameness – a result of mastitis
• Mastitis causes udder
pain
• Udder pain causes
cows to hold feet
further apart – Utrect
Mastitis Conf. 2011
• Incorrect hoof
placement damages
hoof causing lameness
Farmer in Ireland first noted significant hoof
improvement with CoPulsation. Recent email
from Ireland:
“Don’t forget to tell the Dutch about the cows
feet ,that is a big problem as well over there”
Typical lame cow

21. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Known Problems with Conventional
21
Alfa Laval Agri
United States Patent 5,697,323
Issued December 16, 1997
In milking machines currently marketed by Alfa Laval, the
pulsation chamber…. The relatively strong milking vacuum is
needed primarily for ensuring a safe attachment of the teat cups to
the teats and, secondary, for achieving a rapid milking and a high
milk yield. However, a disadvantage of such a
strong milking vacuum is that it might treat the teats roughly,
especially at the beginning and at the end of the
milking interval when there is no or insignificant milk flow
through one or more teats. Attempts have been made
to eliminate this disadvantage by milking according to
different…
WestfaliaSurge patent application:
During traditional manual milking, which is a pressure
milking
method, almost the entire amount of milk present in the
udder can be milked. In the
machine suctional milking method there is a problem,
first of all some
quarters are milked too long although no more milk flow is
present, and, on the other
hand, in individual quarters, the milking process is ended
too soon and
therefore residual milk remains in the udder.
Delaval, WestfaliaSurge, Boumatic and others have known for many years that problems
exist with their milking machines. They have made many attempts to solve those
problems with no success.
Goran Olofsson, past VP Engineering for Delaval: “you have done what I have tried to
do for over 25 years”

22. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Liner Wear Evidence
• Massage action from
CoPulsationtm changes
liner wear
• Liner wear shows
outline of teat
• Conventional
pulsation does not
change liner shape Left two liners used with
CoPulsationtm, right liner used with
conventional pulsation

23. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 23
Teat Study
Before milking: 30 mm After milking: 25 mm
Details published in International Dairy Topics

24. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Teats not milk-wetted
• Teats wetted with milk during
milking process – contaminated
with bacteria
• “ Since the milking machine is
one of the best washing
machine ever built, the teats are
bathed with milk during the
milking process. ” – Dr. Andy
Johnson, 2000 NMC Annual
Meeting
• CoPulsation does not wash the
teat in milk
Glooved hand applied to teat just after machine removal –
no milk present on teat

25. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Improved Teat End Health
• Teat end condition
improved as pinching
is eliminated
• Teat canal health also
improved as scar
tissue no longer
created
Cow teat with
Delaval
Same teat with
CoPulsation 8 weeks
later

26. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
SCC Reduced
• SCC reduced as
animals are
consistently milked
out each milking
• Bacteria not forced up
teat canal
• Teat canal healthy and
closes after milking
SCC data – original test farm
SCC Data for small commercial herd

27. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Udder Infections Reduced
• Small commercial
herd
• Multi-year side-by-
side study
• Significant reduction
in both contagious and
environmental mastitis
Milking System Cow Number Pathogen
CoPulsationtm
Milking System 1 none
CoPulsationtm
Milking System 2 Staph aureus
CoPulsationtm
Milking System 3 Strep Species
CoPulsationtm
Milking System 4 none
CoPulsation
tm
Milking System 5 none
CoPulsationtm
Milking System 6 Staph species
CoPulsationtm
Milking System 7 none
CoPulsationtm
Milking System 8 none
CoPulsationtm
Milking System 9 Staph species, C. bovis
CoPulsation
tm
Milking System 10 Staph species
Conventional 11 Staph aureus, Staph species
Conventional 12 Staph aureus
Conventional 13 none
Conventional 14 Staph aureus, Strep species, G. bacillus
Conventional 15 Staph aureus, Staph species
Conventional 16 Staph aureus
Conventional 17 Staph aureus, C. bovis
Results published in International Dairy Topics

28. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Increased Production
• Production and
butterfat increase with
full milkout
• Empty udder keeps
animal at peak
production longer
• Highest butterfat in
last milk removed
800 cow herd: within two months production increased
2.2kg and butterfat increased .3% yielding increased revenue
of $8000US per month
Goat herd consisting of 54 goats: 40600kg in 2010, 50430kg
in 2011 providing a 20% increase
20000
20500
21000
21500
22000
22500
23000
23500
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25
M o n th s
HerdAverage
Co P ulsa tio n Insta lle d
Co nve ntio na l
R e -insta lle d
Production data: GEA to CoPulsation to GEA

29. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Additional Herd Production Data

30. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 30
Milk Flow Rate
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
0.66
1.33
2
2.66
3.33
4
4.66
5.33
Time, Minutes
Pounds,Milk
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
0.66
1.33
2
2.66
3.33
4
4.66
5.33
6
6.66
Time, Minutes
Pounds,Milk
Conventional CoPulsationtm
Milking System
teat damage and irritation damage and liner crawl
CoPulsation provides a sustained peak let down. Liner crawl and liner
squall eliminated as cows milk quickly in comfort
CoPulsation cows achieve milk flow rates as high as 4.5 to 6 kg/minute
12.3 kg yield11.7 kg yield

31. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Cull Rate Reduced
• Cull rate reduced with
fewer udder infections
– 20 per month prior
– 12 per month after 7
months
• Udders remain healthy
• Cow remains healthy
Data for 400 cow herd switching to CoPulsation
Monthly cull rate data

32. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 32
Scientific Evidence
• University study (Journal of Dairy Science)
– 16:1 reduction in new Staph aureus infections
– Study duration (1 year) too short to evaluate environmental mastitis, more
time required to improve teat canal health
• Multi-year side-by-side study (Int’l Dairy Topics)
– Small commercial herd
– University based data
– SCC levels reduced 75% with CoPulsationtm
– Overall mastitis levels reduced 50% with CoPulsationtm
– Contagious mastitis virtually eliminated with CoPulsationtm
• Teat condition study (Int’l Dairy Topics)
– No teat swelling caused by CoPulsationtm
• Milk flow study (Int’l Dairy Topics)
– Peak flow rate maintained for about 2/3 of milking duration to only about 1/3 of
duration for conventional
– Milking time about 10% to 20% faster with CoPulsationtm

33. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 33
Performance benefits
• Compressive liner action massages teat for a gentle, pain free milking
– No teat swelling, no canal damage, no milk wetting of teat
• Eliminates teat end pinching by liner, prevents reverse milking action
by not forcing bacteria through the teat canal
– Calm cows, no liner crawl/squall
• Milk flow fully stops during rest phase allowing tissue around the teat
canal to rest
– No teat canal damage, canals close quickly
• No milk back flow
– Prevents bacteria contamination of teat
– Teats dry when machine is removed
• Efficient milk let down
– Longer duration at peak let down
– Quick completion of milk out works well with auto-detachers

34. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
CoPulsation Milking System
• Pulsators
• Electronics
• Shells
• Liners
• Splitter Tees
Parlor Style
Pipeline Style

35. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Installations

36. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 36
Cows milked with CoPulsationtm
Even udders that remain high and not dropped down

37. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System
Goats Milked with CoPulsationtm
• Goats milk quickly, no stepping, no pulling down on
cluster
• SCC reduced, less than 500,000 all year achievable
• Increased production, less dumped milk
– 20% increase in production for John Hall herd, SCC data below
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
SCC 2010
SCC 2011
2010: GEA 2011: CoPulsationtm Milking System

38. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 38
Questions to ask
• How will you cut antibiotic use by 50% in
two years?
• How will you increase the average life of a
dairy cow by 2 lactations by 2020?
• How will you prevent udder and teat
damage?

39. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 39
Summary
• Consider two conclusions:
– Mastitis is a symptom of management (Utrecht
Mastitis Conference 2011)
– Mastitis is a result of a failure to provide the
cow with the proper milking environment
• Given the information provided, which
conclusion best supports the evidence and
experience on dairy farms?
The dairy industry has taken the path of blaming management for 50 years
and still mastitis is the most expensive problem on the dairy farms

40. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 40
CoPulsationtm
Milking System
Making quality milk
a priority!
Improves udder health of dairy herd in an
animal friendly manner

41. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System

42. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 42
References
1. Machine Milking, Irish Veterinary Journal, Volume 56, January 2003, author:
Dr Eddie O’ Callaghan, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland
2. Effect of liner design, pulsator setting, and vacuum level on bovine teat tissue
changes, Irish Veterinary Journal, Volume 57, May 2004
3. Fluid Dairy Product Quality, Boor, Journal Dairy Science 84:1-11
4. See CoPulsation.com website and click on “Mastitis Conference Information
& Research”

43. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 43
Conventional milking machines
proven to cause problems
• Teat damage & teat swelling
– Irish studies show conventional milking systems cause teat
swelling and physical damage (references 1, 2)
• One in four teat canals remain open during the dry period
per Randy Dingwell, Atlantic Vet. College
• Teats wetted with milk and bacteria
– “Since the milking machine is one of the best washing machine
ever built, the teats are bathed with milk during the milking
process.” Dr. Andy Johnson, NMC meeting 2000
• More mastitis since converting from simultaneous to
alternating pulsation (USDA replacement data)
• Teat ends pinched during liner closure (Dr. Forbes)
– Pushes bacteria up teat canal

44. Copyright 2012
LR GEHM
CoPulsationTM
Milking System 44
Studies Proving Problems
• R. Dingwell – teat ends do not close
• Teagasc – teat swelling, canal damage
• U of Wash., Fox – Staph aureus spread
• G. Mein – flow rate slow down
• Forbes – reverse milk action
• U. MI – increase mastitis, lameness w/robot
• Udder dissection video