Paternalism in medicine refers to doctors making decisions for patients that override the patients' wishes. There are two types: strong paternalism intentionally overrides patients against their will, while weak paternalism assumes patients cannot understand information or that some information would burden them. Justifications for paternalism include the vulnerability of sick patients, medical expertise, and preserving patients' confidence in their doctors. However, most medical decisions are not urgent and patients should have time to understand their conditions and state their preferences. While doctors have expertise, personal values also influence treatment decisions. Disclosure of uncertainty need not decrease effectiveness if done to involve patients in their care.