course material

1. Arab Soceity
Arab SoceityBased upon the attached reading: Outline the emergence of Arabs from the
Ottoman Empire to independent nation states. In your last paragraph, how positive or
negative was this development and why? (there are boxes in the reading, please do not
include them in the paper)1. I need a couple of introductory sentences2. in the body
paragraphs: Outline the emergence of Arabs from the Ottoman Empire to independent
nation states.Each paragraph should highlight the main things. Thus, I am not expecting to
see every detail mentioned – I need it to be a direct straightforward paper.3. and a
concluding paragraphthat answers the question: In your last paragraph, how positive or
negative was this development and why?*Important Tips:-Kindly include some (not all)
dates when necessary-Do not mention “ this paragraph will discuss, or this portion will
discuss” and avoid using several transitions “ on the other hand…etc.” . I am looking for
quality more than quantity of words. Also, avoid a title page and a reference page and a
header.-Do not cite anything, and do not copy sentences word for word, paraphrase
instead.-Please see the attached file “ ex 1” ; this is an example of the layout, structure, ideas
division that I am looking for.-It is imperative please to follow all the directions
meticulously.During C9-C13, Muslim contributions to secular and religious sciences were
several. First, The House of Wisdom was established in Baghdad during Al- Mamun’ s reign;
which was to bring together all the scientific knowledge that existed in the empire in one
location to learn from each other. This House was once a university, library, translation
organization and a research lab. It was said that if a book was translated into Arabic, the
translator would be given that book’ s weight gold – so people from all over the world rush
for this! So, Arabic united people from different backgrounds.Muslims impact on
mathematics was enormous. By understanding mathematics they could discover principals
that control the natural rules and with that there will be more appreciation for God. Al-
Khwarizmi was a great mathematician who was the first to lay the groundwork for future
math advances and adopted the Indian numerical system and he developed algebra.
Another mathematician who found methods for solving cubic equations was Omar
Khayyam. The studies from mathematics laid the basis for the study of the stars
(astronomy) and the Muslims were the first to develop this. It was easy by then to
determine a certain location by navigation. Later, geography grew out of astronomy.
Geographers now were able to calculate the earth’ s diameter and circumference without
modern technology! Those geographers have also mapped the world.Muslim developments
in medicine picked up where the ancient Greek stopped. Al- Razi, was the first to challenge

2. the ideas of a Greek physician. He developed accurate cures to coughs, headaches, and
constipation; he also has a medical encyclopedia. He concluded that diseases can be spread
through air, water, or soil and that each disease is unique and must be treated in a special
way. IbnSina also wrote about the connection between mental and physical health and that
negative thoughts can cause diseases. Talking about physics, Ibn Al- Haytham focused on
the studies of light and conducted many experiments concluding that light was composed
on rays that travel in straight lines. Without his studies in optics, cameras would not be
possible now! Also, he established the scientific method which all scientists use
today.During this period, the Islamic studies were developed. Fiqh applies to everything
from criminal law, how to conduct hadith from Abu Baker and his followers is not to be
trusted. According to them the line of imamas ended with Al- Mahadi who is hidden. Their
ideology became a danger to Islam and the Abbasid government rushed to refute this
ideology.Finally, I see that all contributions were important and in one way or another they
all interconnected. The most important to me was the Medicine. With Al- Razi’ s work to
cure certain health problems and helping the poor for free, and with IbnSina’ s descriptions
for breast cancers, ulcers, kidney diseases, and his medical encyclopedia and discoveries
that later lead to the building of several hospitals all in all created the foundations that
many physicians – Muslims they are not – work on today. Health is something important
and curing severe diseases could help reduce pain and in many causes stop death. We
should always give credit then to the “ Muslim” physicians who based the foundations for a
human’ s health.