Slides by Albert Jimenez about the following paper: Gordo, Albert, Jon Almazan, Jerome Revaud, and Diane Larlus. "Deep Image Retrieval: Learning global representations for image search." arXiv preprint arXiv:1604.01325 (2016). We propose a novel approach for instance-level image retrieval. It produces a global and compact fixed-length representation for each image by aggregating many region-wise descriptors. In contrast to previous works employing pre-trained deep networks as a black box to produce features, our method leverages a deep architecture trained for the specific task of image retrieval. Our contribution is twofold: (i) we introduce a ranking framework to learn convolution and projection weights that are used to build the region features; and (ii) we employ a region proposal network to learn which regions should be pooled to form the final global descriptor. We show that using clean training data is key to the success of our approach. To that aim, we leverage a large scale but noisy landmark dataset and develop an automatic cleaning approach. The proposed architecture produces a global image representation in a single forward pass. Our approach significantly outperforms previous approaches based on global descriptors on standard datasets. It even surpasses most prior works based on costly local descriptor indexing and spatial verification. We intend to release our pre-trained model.

1. Deep Image Retrieval:
Learning global representations for image
search
Albert Gordo, Jon Almazan, Jerome Revaud, Diane Larlus
Slides by Albert Jiménez [GDoc]
Computer Vision Reading Group (10/05/2016)1
[arXiv]

2. 1. Introduction
2

3. 3
Instance Retrieval + Ranking
1.
2.
3.
4.
Image Retrieval
Slide credit: Amaia
Ranking
Image
Query

4. CNN-based retrieval
● CNNs trained for classification tasks
● Features are very robust to intra-class variability
● Lack of robustness to scaling, cropping and image clutter
Related Work
Lamp
We are interested in distinguishing between particular objects from the same class!
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5. R-MAC
● Regional Maximum Activation of Convolutions
● Compact feature vectors encode image regions
Related Work
Giorgos Tolias, Ronan Sicre, Hervé Jégou, Particular object retrieval with integral max-pooling of CNN
activations (Submitted to ICLR 2016)
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6. R-MAC
● Regions selected using a rigid grid
● Compute a feature vector per region
● Combine all region feature vectors
○ Dimension → 256 / 512
Related Work
Giorgos Tolias, Ronan Sicre, Hervé Jégou, Particular object retrieval with integral max-pooling of CNN
activations (Submitted to ICLR 2016)
ConvNet
Last
Layer
K feature maps
size = W x H
Different scale
region grids
maximum activation
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7. 2. Methodology
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8. 1st Contribution
● Three-stream siamese network
● PCA implemented as a shift + fully connected layer
● Optimize weights (CNN + PCA) from R-MAC representation with a triplet
loss function
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9. where:
● m is a scalar that controls the margin
● q, d+, d- are the descriptors for the query, positive and negative images
1st Contribution
Ranking Loss Function
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10. 2nd Contribution
● Localize regions of interest (ROIs)
● Train a Region Proposal Network with bounding boxes (Similar Fast R-CNN,
[arXiv])
In R-MAC → Rigid grid
Replace
Region Proposal Network
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11. 2nd Contribution
RPN in a nutshell
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● Predict, for a set of candidate boxes of
various sizes and aspects ratio, and at all
possible image locations, a score
describing how likely each box contains an
object of interest.
● Simultaneously, for each candidate box
perform regression to improve its location.

12. Summary
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● Able to encode one image into a compact feature vector in a single forward
pass
● Images can be compared using the dot product
● Very efficient at test time

13. 3. Experiments
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14. Datasets
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● Training Landmarks dataset: 214k images from 672 landmark sites
● Testing Oxford 5k, Paris 6k, Oxford 105k, Paris 106k, INRIA Holidays
● Remove all images contained in Oxford 5k and Paris 6k datasets
○ Landmarks-full: 200k images from 592 landmarks
● Cleaning Landmarks dataset (Select most relevant images/discard incorrect)
○ SIFT + Hessian Affine keypoint det. → Construct graph of similar images
○ Landmarks-clean: 52k images from 592 landmarks

15. Bounding Box Estimation
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● RPN trained using automatically estimated bounding box annotations
1. Define initial bounding box: min rectangle that encloses all matched keypoints
2. For a pair (i, j) we predict the bounding box Bj using Bi and an affine transform
Aij
3. Update (Merge using geometrical mean)
4. Iterate until convergence
Bounding box projections Initial vs Final estimations

16. Experimental Details
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● VGG-16 network pre-trained on ImageNet
● Fine-tune with Landmarks dataset
● Select triplets in an efficient manner
○ Forward pass to obtain image representations
○ Select hard negatives (Large loss)
● Dimension of the feature vector = 512
● Evaluation: mean Average Precision (mAP)
VGG16

17. 1st Experiment
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Comparison between R-MAC and their implementations
C: Classification Network
R: Ranking (Trained with triplets)

18. 2nd Experiment
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Comparison between fixed grid vs number of region proposals
16-32 proposals already outperform rigid grid!

19. 2nd Experiment
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meanAP - Number of triplets Recall - Number of region proposals

20. 2nd Experiment
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Heatmap vs Bounding Box Estimation

21. Comparison with state of the art
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22. Comparison with state of the art
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23. Top Retrieval Results
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24. 4. Conclusions
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25. Conclusions
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● They have proposed an effective and scalable method for image retrieval that
encodes images into compact global signatures that can be compared with the
dot-product.
● Proposal of a siamese network architecture trained for the specific task of
image retrieval using ranking loss function (Triplets).
● Demonstrate the benefit of predicting the ROI of the images when encoding by
using Region Proposal Networks.

26. Thank You!
Any Questions?
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