1. Genoa – Italy – July 16-19, 2012 Centre de recherche sur les Risques et les Crises
Integration of a Bayesian network for
response planning in a maritime piracy
risk management system
- Xavier CHAZE -
Amal BOUEJLA, Aldo NAPOLI, Franck GUARNIERI
Mines ParisTech – CRC
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 1/20

2. French engineering school Research centre (since 2008) French research association
(since 1783) (Team created in 1998) (since 1967)
Research & training
Centre for research on Business creation
Risks and Industrial partnerships
Strong industrial contacts
Crisis
Science for engineers,
47 people: 8 Researchers, Management science,
25 PhD Students, Psychology,
3 Engineers + support Computer science,
Geography,
Law.
Develop research, teaching activities, methods and tools.
Contribute to strengthen organisations and territories
against disturbances.
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 2/24

3. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
Summary
Problem definition
Issues and context
Operational needs
Contribution of the SARGOS project
Method
The Bayesian networks
Methodological approach
The SARGOS Bayesian network
Results
Attack scenario case study
Integration of the Bayesian Network into the SARGOS system
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 3/20

4. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 4/20

5. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
Issues and context Operational needs Contribution of the SARGOS project
• Offshore oil industry represents: • Offshore oil production over
30% of the oil world production 1000 meters from coasts:
27% of the gas world production
Mexico Gulf
Guinea Gulf
• Piracy cost is estimated between 7 and 12 Brasil
billiards of US dollars per year.
It is mainly due to:
Ransom payments • Geographical expansion of
Insurance premiums pirate attacks: 2005-2011
Cost of trials and judiciary pursuits
Installation of security equipment Source : IFP Énergies Nouvelles
• Political issues are also important. Serenity of a
whole region can be disturbed:
Conflicts between nations when the rig is located in a
one country while the company operating the platform is
located in another.
The legal status of oil rig, the heterogeneity of applicable
regulations and the limits of laws and conventions
etablished for the fight against piracy.
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 5/20

6. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
Issues and context Operational needs Contribution of the SARGOS project
Threat Existing anti-piracy Benefits DIsadvantages
treatment tools
process
Detection of • Poor performance against small targets in
medium and large a sea clutter.
RADAR systems cooperative vessels • Relatively slow to scan a wide field.
Detection of
the threat
Long-range detection • Disturbed by problems of solar reflectance
Optronics surveillance of small targets of the sea.
system • Sensitive to the meteorological conditions.
Automatic exchange • Messages exchange in a restricted
Automatic Identification
of messages geographical area.
System (AIS)
Response
against the Intervention towards • Uncertainty of the intervention depending
threat Surety and security attackers on the distance between threat and vessel.
vessel • Imbalance of arms between attackers and
security officers.
The solution is to develop a system that can manage the safety of oil fields and provide
both suitable protection and effective crisis management.
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 6/20

7. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
Issues and context Operational needs Contribution of the SARGOS project
• The SARGOS system (Graduated OffShore Response Alert System) aims to design and develop
a comprehensive system that takes into account the whole threat treatment process:
Detection of a potential threat
Edition of an alert report that lists the significant parameters of threat and target
Definition of the response by the planning module of reactions
Formalization and implementation of the reaction by the publication of a response plan
Fundings Approvements
Consortium
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 7/20

8. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
Issues and context Operational needs Contribution of the SARGOS project
• Functional outline of the SARGOS system
The SARGOS system responds to an alert report with a response plan, which is the result of an
intelligent analysis of the alert report.
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 8/20

9. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
The Bayesian networks Methodological approach The SARGOS Bayesian network
Interest
• The problem of the response planning against a threat to offshore oil fields
exhibits strong constraints:
Coordination between the different available counter-attack devices on the field
Real-time gradation of the threat and the response adaptation depending on its increase
Inherent uncertainty of threat parameters
Automatization of the whole process
Choice of using the Bayesian networks
• A Bayesian network is a model that represents knowledge, and makes it possible
to calculate conditional probabilities and provide solutions to various types of
problems
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 9/20

10. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
The Bayesian networks Methodological approach The SARGOS Bayesian network
Definition & example
• Bayesian networks are based on Thomas Bayes theorem (1702-1761) :
• Supposed that you live in London and according to your experience, during winter, it rains
50% of the time and it is cloudy 80% of the time. You know, of course, that if it rains, so it is
also cloudy.
• What is the chance of rain knowing that there are clouds ?
• Where: Pl : it rains
N : it is cloudy
Thus, 62.5% of the time in London during the winter, if it is cloudy, then it is rainy
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 10/20

11. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
The Bayesian networks Methodological approach The SARGOS Bayesian network
How to construct a bayesian network?
• The construction proceeds in 4 steps:
Define variables of the problem (nodes)
Set the modalities which describe all possible values for each variable
Define the connections of the system (links between nodes)
Specify the conditional probabilities resulting by the created links
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 11/20

12. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
The Bayesian networks Methodological approach The SARGOS Bayesian network
The application to SARGOS
Realisation of aaBayesian network
Realisation of Bayesian network
Datamining learning Brainstorming learning
Database of the Expert knowledge from the maritime
International Maritime Organisation and safety domains
(IMO)
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 12/20

13. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
The Bayesian networks Methodological approach The SARGOS Bayesian network
• Founded the 6th of march 1948, the International Maritime Organization is a
specialized institution of United Nations.
• On the 15th of July 2011, the database contained 5502 recordings of piracy
attacks or armed robbery.
• The database contains more information about:
The name and the type of the attacked target,
Longitude and latitude of the attack location,
A textual description of the sequence of events
…
The Bayesian network
constructed from IMO data
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 13/20

14. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
The Bayesian networks Methodological approach The SARGOS Bayesian network
• The Bayesian network created from the IMO data made it possible to define:
The main tools and protection measures used by a crew, and their effectiveness
The probability distributions of using the reactions
These results will be integrated into the Bayesian network
constructed from the marine community expert knowledge
• The construction of the Bayesian network was based on the expert knowledge during
many brainstorming sessions.
• The prototype was tested and improved by an iterative process to refine the conditional
probabilities of the nodes.
Expert bayesian network
architecture
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 14/20

15. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
The Bayesian networks Methodological approach The SARGOS Bayesian network
SARGOS Bayesian network
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 15/20

16. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
Attack scenario case study Integration of the Bayesian Network into the SARGOS system
Attack by an unknown vessel Diagnosis The high-manoeuvrability vessel is now identified
against a Floating Production Storage improvement as hostile. The threat is located less than 300
and Offloading unit (FPSO). seconds and 50 metres from the target.
T1 T1+t
time
Increase in the level
overall danger
Response
graduation and adaptation
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 16/20

17. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
Attack scenario case study Integration of the Bayesian Network into the SARGOS system
• The SARGOS reactions planning results in the generation of a response planning report
from the intelligent processing of the last issued alert report.
Alert Planning
Report Bayesian Report
(XML) module (XML)
• The response plan gathers the necessary information for the physical and chronological
execution of the reaction
• The interface between the bayesian module and the SARGOS system is completed thanks to
JAVA scripts:
Input
- Identification of a new alert report (XML file)
- Extraction of useful information
Execution of bayesian module (API BayesiaEngine)
-Supply of the Bayesian network (set the observations of source nodes)
Output
- Export of modalities and resulting probabilities of the Bayesian network
- Generation of the graduated suitable response planning report (XML file)
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 17/20

18. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
Attack scenario case study Integration of the Bayesian Network into the SARGOS system
• Human-Computer interface of the SARGOS system: once the countermeasures have
been selected, they are displayed in the response plan in a specific order.
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 18/20

19. Introduction Problem definition Method Results Conclusion
• The use of a Bayesian network for the planning of the response is a major asset of the
SARGOS system as this network can:
Define a graduated response adaptated to the identified threat
Take into account the uncertainty of some parameters
Manage the real-time situation evolution
• Finally, the network is able to integrate feedback from attacks that has previously
been used to administer and can therefore evolve. Consequently the planning module
can be modified and improved iteratively.
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 19/20

20. Thank you for your attention
Questions ?
Xavier.Chaze@mines-paristech.fr
Integration of a Bayesian network for response planning in a maritime piracy risk management system 20/20